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3620 Chapter 5

Terms

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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the unexplained death of a sleeping infant who suddenly stops breathing (also called crib death).
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an initially neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a meaningful nonneutral stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response originally made only to the nonneutral stimulus.
observational learning
learning that results from observing the behavior of others.
sensation
detection of stimuli by the sensory receptors and transmission of this information to the brain.
perceptual learning
changes in one's ability to extract information from sensory stimulation that occur as a result of experience.
visual contrast
the amount of light/dark transition in a visual stimulus.
conditioned response (CR)
a learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response.
Why are reflexes important
If the infant doesn't have the reflex, it might indicate a neurological disorder.
Primitive reflexes
for posture, or old reflexes that used to be necessary, but aren't anymore. Babinski - if you stroke the foot, toes flare out. **Grasping - book says it's primitive, others say it's survival - Palmar grasp. Moro - infant arches its back and extends arms when it's falling. Swimming. Stepping/Placing - Hold the baby up, they do footsteps. Landau Reaction - hold the infant up by its main core, extends its arms and legs like superman, but if you push the head downward, the legs go back down
phonemes
smallest meaningful sound units that make up a spoken language.
Depth perception
Visual cliff - glass pane where it looks like there is nothing, so infants won't crawl onto the glass thinking they'll fall.
Survival reflexes
necessary for infants survival. Breathing. Eye-blink - keep stuff out, keep sun out. Rooting - baby gravitates toward something you put close to its mouth. Sucking/Swallowing. Pulpilary reflex
Part-whole perception
• A child's perception is frequently influenced by the whole; that is, they have difficulty analyzing objects according to specific features and attributes. They may be able to detect the parts or features, but this ability may depend on the complexity of the stimuli. The simpler the stimuli, the more likely younger children will be able to report seeing both parts as well as the integrated whole.
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which freely emitted acts (or operants) become either more or less probable depending on the consequences they produce.
evoked potential
a change in patterning of the brain waves which indicates that an individual detects (senses) a stimulus.
visual acuity
a person's ability to see small objects and fine detail.
visual cliff
an elevated platform that creates an illusion of depth, used to test the depth perception of infants.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that elicits a particular response without any prior learning.
size constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as the same size from different distances despite changes in the size of its retinal image.
encoding
the process by which external stimulation is converted to a mental representation.
Smell
newborns can detect many odors as measured by their facial expressions in response to odor stimuli. Extended experience with a particular odor within 48 hours of birth leads to preferences for that odor. By five days of age, breast-fed infants prefer their own mothers' breast pads to other mothers' breast pads. Sex differences - females are more sensitive to smell throughout the lifespan
Touch, temp, pain
• Stimulation of the skin of newborns elicits a variety of reflexes. Newborns are quite sensitive to warmth, cold, and temperature changes. Infants were thought not to experience pain or to remember it if experienced.
Taste
infants respond differentially to taste stimuli shortly after birth, so they can tell what's harmful or toxic. Different facial expressions associated with different types of taste. Innate taste responses: preferences help infants ensure they don't ingest harmful substances, but also what they need to eat to have their nutritional needs met
conditioned stimulus (CS)
an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular response after being paired with a UCS that always elicits the response.
high-amplitude sucking method
a method of assessing infants' perceptual capabilities that capitalizes on the ability of infants to make interesting events last by varying the rate at which they suck on a special pacifier.
otitis media
common bacterial infection of the middle ear that produces mild to moderate hearing loss.
dishabituation
increase in responsiveness that occurs when stimulation changes.
Gestalt
sums of the parts equal the whole, or greater than the whole. Perceiving ambiguous figures
Gibson & Gibson Intermodal Perception
as they gain experience, infants and children learn perceptual differentiation. They believe that infants have no intermodal perception at birth and are unable to differentiate. Culture as a way of framing perception - if you aren't around something you don't need to sense it. Research indicates that children as young as 3.5 months exhibit intermodal perception. Six month olds who manipulate an object with their hands can then recognize the object by visual inspection alone. Even one month olds can coordinate visual information with objects they have mouthed.
Imitation
Some researchers have reported that one- or two-day-old newborns can imitate facial expressions. After one year of age, they are also able to differentiate behaviors that are intentional compared to those that are unintentional.
Hearing
not all babies can hear at birth. Infants can detect sound before birth - prefer certain sounds when they are born based on what they hear in the womb (like mom's voice). Prenatal sound preference. Sound localization - locate where a sound is coming from. Mozart effect - kid listens to a lot of classical music in the womb, might be more developmentally on time. Some researchers think that hearing might be impaired by this, because hearing is so sensitive while it's developing.
Sensation vs. Perception
Sensation - basic information you have through your senses. Perception - your interpretation of your sensation. Perception based on sensation, not the other way around
Stroop test
Name the colors as fast as you can. Interference makes it harder to say the colors
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from one's experiences or practice.
Measuring Sensation/Perception
Preference method - which stimulus does the child prefer (like a picture of dad vs. mom, or what toys it prefers). Habituation method - giving a child a toy/stimulus, you see at what point they no longer care for it. Dishabituate - you were habituated, but now you care about the toy again. Recovery for habituation
habituation
a decrease in one's response to a stimulus that has become familiar through repetition.
perception
the process by which we categorize and interpret sensory input.
deferred imitation
the ability to reproduce a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past.
preference method
a method used to gain information about infants' perceptual abilities by presenting two (or more) stimuli and observing which stimulus the infant prefers.
Vision
"Newborns are sensitive to brightness and can detect movement in the visual field. Newborns can see colors. Visual acuity similar to adults by first birthday. Visual acuity - can differentiate sharpness and angles based on contrasts. Visual scanning - externality effect. One month old they see external features, like the border of the face, and some eyes. 2 months, they focus more on internal features."
intermodal perception
the ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or pattern of stimuli that is already familiar through another modality. can you combine the senses and be able to understand something through other senses by sensing it through one sense. You smell popcorn but you didn't see it, you'd know there was popcorn in the room without seeing it

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