Ch.5&6 Terminology
Terms
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- prote/o
- protein
- sial/o
- saliva, salivary
- steat/o
- fat
- or/o
- mouth
- palat/o
- palate
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- proct/o
- anus and rectum
- pylor/o
- pyloric sphincter
- rect/o
- rectum
- sialaden/o
- salivary gland
- sigmoid/o
- sigmoid colon
- labi/o
- lip
- lapar/o
- abdomen
- mandibul/o
- lower jaw; mandible
- odont/o
- tooth
- faci/o
- face
- gastr/o
- stomach
- gingiv/o
- gum
- ile/o
- ileum
- jejun/o
- jejunum
- esaphag/o
- esophagus
- parenteral
- pertaining to other than the intestines
- mesentery
- membranes that hold the intestines in place.
- append/o
- appendix
- appendic/o
- appendix
- bucc/o
- cheek
- cec/o
- cecum
- celi/o
- belly, abdomen
- cheil/o
- up
- cholecyst/o
- gallbladder
- choledoch/o
- common bile duct
- col/o
- colon; large intestine
- colon/o
- colon
- dent/i
- tooth
- duoden/o
- duodenum
- an/o
- anus
- villi
- microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
- uvula
- soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.
- triglycerides
- large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.
- stomach
-
-muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.
-made of three parts:
1. fundus (proximal section)
2. body (middle section)
3. antrum (distal section) - sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers that consticts a passage or closes a natural opening.
- sigmoid colon
- lower part of the colon
- salivary glands
-
1. Parotid
2. Sublingual
3. Submandibular - saliva
- digestive fluid produced by salivary glands.
- rugae
- ridges on the hard palate, and the wall of the stomach
- rectum
- last section of the colon.
- pyloric sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers at the distal region of the stomach where it joins the duodenum
- pulp
- soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
- protease
- enzymes that digest protein.
- portal vein
- large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
- pharynx
- throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose.
- peristalsis
- rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and other tubular structures.
- parotid gland
- salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
- papillae
-
-small elevations of the tongue.
-papilla is a nipple like elevation. - pancreas
- organ under the stomach that produces insulin and enzymes.
- amylase
- enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.
- amino acids
- building blocks of proteins, and produced when proteins are digested.
- absorbtion
- passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.
- anus
- opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
- appendix
- blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ)
- bile
-
-digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
-composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts. - bilirubin
- pigment released by the liver in bile.
- bowel
- intestine
- cecum
- first part of the large intestine.
- colon
-
-large intestine.
(cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and rectum) - common bile duct
- carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.
- defecation
- expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.
- deglutition
- swallowing
- digestion
- breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
- duodenum
-
-first part of the small intestine.
-duo=2, den=10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long. - elimination
- removal of waste material from the body.
- emulsification
- physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest fat.
- enzyme
-
-a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.
-digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods. - esophagus
- tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
- fatty acids
- substances produced when fats are digested.
- feces
- solid wastes; stools
- gallbladder
- small sac under the liver; stores bile
- glucose
- simple sugar
- glycogen
-
-starch
-glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells. - hydrochloric acid
-
-produced by the stomach
-necessary for the digestion of food. - ileum
- third part of the small intestine
- insulin
- hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas.
- jejunum
- second part of the small intestine
- lipase
- pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
- liver
-
-large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen.
-secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins.
-produces blood proteins.
-destroys wornout red blood cells. - lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
-
-ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach.
-also known as the cardiac sphincter. - mastication
- chewing
- eti/o
- cause
- idi/o
- unknown
- canine teeth
- pointed dog-like teeth, also known as cuspids or eye teeth.
- dentin
- major tissue composing teeth, covered by enamel in the crown, and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
- enamel
- hard, outermost layer of a tooth.
- incisor
- one of four teeth in the dental arch.
- molar teeth
- 6th, 7th, and 8th tooth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
- palate
-
-roof of the mouth.
-hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate. - T tube
- tube placed in the biliary tract for drainage.
- TPN
- Total Parenteral Nutrition
-
SGOT
SGPT - enzyme tests of liver function
- PUD
- Peptic Ulcer Disease
- PTHC
- Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
- PEJ tube
-
Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy tube
(feeding tube) - PEG tube
- Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy tube
- NG tube
- Nasogastric tube
- MRI
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- LFTs
- Liver Function Tests
- IBD
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- HBV
- hepatitis B virus
- GI
- gastrointestinal
- GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- GB
- gallbladder
- ERCP
- Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- EGD
- Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
- CT scan
- Computed Tomography
- BM
- Bowel Movement
- BRBPR
-
Bright Red Blood Per Rectum
hematochezia - BE
- Barium Enima
-
ALT
AST -
Analine Transaminase
Aspartate Transaminase
(enzyme tests of liver function) - alk phos
- alkaline phosphate
-
paracentesis
(abdominocentesis) - surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen.
- nasogastric intubation
- insertion of a tube through the nose to the stomach.
- liver biopsy
- removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic visualization.
- gastrointestinal endoscopy
- visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope.
- gastric bypass
-
reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum.
(gastrojejunostomy) - liver scan
- image of the liver after injecting radioactive material into the blood stream.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- magnetic and radio waves used to produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body.
- abdominal ultrasonography
- sound waves beamed into the abdomen.
-
computed tomography
(CT, CT Scan, or CAT Scan) - x-ray series showing cross-sectional images of internal organs.
- cholangiography
-
x-ray examination of the biliary system after injecting contrast into the bile ducts.
process of recording bile vessels. - upper gastrointestinal series
- x-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after administering barium by mouth.
-
lower gastrointestinal series
(barium enima) - x-ray images of the colon and rectum after injecting barium into the rectum.
- stool guaiac or hemoccult test
- detection of blood in feces.
- stool culture
- test for microorganisms present in stool.
- liver function tests (LFT's)
- tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in serum.
- -tresia
- opening
- -stenosis
- tightning; stricture
- -stasis
- to stop; control
- -spasm
- sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles.
- -rrhea
- flow, discharge
- -rrhaphy
- suture
-
-rrhage
-rrhagia - bursting forth (of blood)
- -ptysis
- spitting
- -ptosis
- prolapse, fall, sag
- -plasty
- surgical repair
- -phagia
- eating, swallowing
- -pepsia
- digestion
- -lysis
- destruction, breakdown, seperation
- -emesis
- vomiting
-
-ectasis
-ectasia - stretching; dilation
- viral hepatitis
- inflamation of the liver caused by a virus.
- pancreatitis
- inflammation of the pancreas
- cirrhosis
- chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
- cholelithiasis
- gallstones in the bladder
- volvulus
- twisting of the intestine upon itself.
- ulcerative colitis
- chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- group of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms associated with stress and tension.
- intussusception
- telescoping of the intestines.
- ileus
- failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines.
- hemorrhoids
- swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
- dysentery
- painful, inflammed intestines.
- diverticulosis
- abnormal side pockets in the intestinal wall.
- Crohn Disease
- chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.
- colorectal cancer
- adencarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.
- colonic polyposis
- polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
- anal fistula
- abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
- peptic ulcer
- open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum.
- hernia
- protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
- gastric carcinoma
- malignant tumor of the stomach
- esophageal varices
- swollen, varicose veins in the distal portion of the esophagus or upper part of the stomach.
- achalasia
- failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.
- periodontal disease
- inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding gums.
- oral leukoplakia
- white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
- herpetic stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus.
- dental caries
- tooth decay
- aphthous stomatitis
- inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers (canker sores).
- steatorrhea
- fat in the feces; foul smelling, frothy, fecal matter.
- nausea
- unpleasant sensation on the stomach, and a tendancy to vomit.
- melena
-
-black tarry stools.
-feces containing digested blood. - jaundice
- yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
- hematochezia
- passage of bright, fresh red blood from the rectum.
- flatus
- gas expelled through the anus.
- eructation
- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
- dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing.
- diarrhea
- frequent passage of loose watery stools.
- constipation
- difficulty passing stools (feces)
- borborygmus
- rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastroinstestinal tract.
- ascites
- abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- anorexia
- lack of appetite
- -prandial
- meal
- -iasis
- abnormal condition
- -chezia
- defecation, elimination of wastes.
- -ase
- enzyme
- stomat/o
- mouth
- amyl/o
- starch
- bil/i
- gall; bile
- bilirubin/o
- bilirubin (bile pigment)
- chol/e
- gall; bile
- chlorhydr/o
- hydrochloric acid
- gluc/o
- sugar
- glyc/o
- sugar
- glycogen/o
- glycogen; animal starch.
- lip/o
- fat; lipid
- lith/o
- stone