test V
Terms
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- Which of these statements about the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is true
- It is higher in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries
- All of these can bond with hemoglobin except
- HCO3
- Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by
- T cells
- Active immunity may be produced by
-
Contracting a disease
Receiving a vaccine - Which of these statements about class-2 MHC molecules is false
- They are required for B cell activation by a foreign antigen
- Interleukin-1
- Stimulates ACTH secretion
- Inerleukin-2
- Stimulates proliferation of killer T lymphocytes
- If a person were to dive with scuba equipment to a depth of 66ft, which of these statements would be false
- The oxygen content of whole blood would be three times normal
- Which of these would be most affected by a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
- Venous oxyhemoglobin saturation
- If a person with normal lung function were to hyperventilate for several seconds, there would be a significant
- Decrease in the arterial PC02
- Erythropoietin is produced by
- The kidneys
- That affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased under conditions of
- Acidosis
- The bicarbonate concentration of blood would be decreased during
- Metabolic acidosis
- Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is carried in the from of
- Bicarbonate
- If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally
- The arterial P02 would be normal
- The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is
- The vital capacity
- If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero
-
A pneumothorax has probably occurred
The lungs cannot inflate
The lungs cannot inflate
Elastic recoil causes the lungs to collapse - The rhythmic control of breathing is produced by the activity of inspiratory and expiratory neurons in
- The medulla oblongata
- The chemoreceptors in the medulla are directly stimulated by
- H+ in cerebrospinal fluid that is derived from blood CO2
- Which of these statements about intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure is true
- The intrapulmonary pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure
- Which of these statements about gamma interferon is false
- It is produced by almost all cells in the body
- Mast cell secretion during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is stimulated when antigens combine with
- IgE antibodies
- Which of these statements about complement proteins C3 and C5 is false
- They produce pores in the victim cell membrane
- Which of these statements about the F portion of antibodies is true
-
It binds to antigens
Its amino acid sequences are variable
It consists of both H and L chains - Match the cell type with its secretion Macrophages
- Lysosomal enzymes
- Match the cell type with its secretion Plasma cells
- Antibodies
- During a secondary immune response
- Antibodies are made quickly and in great amountsAntibody production lasts longer than in a primary responseAntibodies of the IgG class are produced
- Match the cell type with its secretion Mast cells
- Histamine
- Match the cell type with its secretion Killer T cells
- Perforins
- Interleukin-12
- Stimulates formation of T1 helper
- Which of these statements about T lymphocytes is false
- Some T cells produce antibodies
- Which of these cell types aids the activation of T lymphocytes by antigens
- Macrophages
- Which of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection
- intrferon
- Which of these occur(s) during hypoxemia
- Increased ventilationIncreased production of 2,3-DPGIncreased production of erythropoietin
- During exercise, which of these statements is true
- The venous percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is decreased
- What are the two types of the immune system
- Nonspecific and specific
- What are some of the protection provided by the nonspecific immune system
- Phagocytosis, fever and release of interferons
- What are some of the protection provided by the specific immune system
- Lymphocytes specific and antigens
- Innate immunity
- Nonspecific Includes both external and internal defenses first line of defense
- Adaptive immunity
- Specific
- Phagocytosis
-
1)neutrophiles
2)mononuclear phagocyte system
3)organ-specific phagocytes - Kupffer cells
- Liver, spleen and lymph nodes example of fixed organ specific phagocyte
- Chemokines
- Recruit to the site of an infection by a process called chemotaxis
- Extravcastation
- Deapedesis – neurtophiles and monocytes ability to squeeze through tiny gaps to enter the connective tissues
- Cells that commit suicide
- Apoptosis
- What is good about fever
- Fall in plasma iron, and increased activity of neutrophiles
- Endogenous pyrogen
- Rests body temp.
- Gram negative cell release what that can cause fever
- Endotoxin
- Interferons
- Nonspecific short acting resistance to viral infection
- Antigens
- Molecules that stimulate the production of specific antibodies and combine specifically with antibodies produced
- Antigenic determinant sites
- Large antigens which can combine with many antibodies
- humoral immunity
- combat bacteral infection also term antibody mediaeted immunity
- T lymphocytes
- slow in adulthood
- secondary llymphoid
- lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and peyer's patches
- fever
- swelling, redness, pain, puses, heat
- B lymhocytes
- antiboies
- mast cells
- create histamine
- IgG
- largest %, main form of antiboides
- IgA
- main antibody type in external secretion
- IgE
- responsible for allergic sympotm
- IgM
- big in size help IgG
- IgD
- unk
- how many different type of antibodies
- 100 million trillion
- opsonization
- ablity of antiboides to stimulate phaogocytosis
- T lymphocyetes
- no antiboidees, specific immune protectionl killer, cytotoxic and t lmphocytes
- perforines and granzymes
- enter plasma of membrane and kill it
- primary resonse
- slow not always sufficent to protect person
- active
- 2nd exposer fast - antigens 5- 14 last last long time
- passive
- immune protection that can be produced by the transfer fo antiboides to recipeint - immediate resistance 0 short term
- tumor
- t cells and natural killer sells failed
- natural killer
- different from t lymphocytes
- autoimmunity
- failure of the immune sytem to recoginze and tolerate self antigens
- hashimotos thyroiditeis
- antigen that does not normally ciruclate in teh blood
- thromboytopenia
- self antigen that is otherwise tolerated may be altered by combing wiht froign haptne
- theumatoid arthritis
- antiboidesi directied against toher antibodies
- glomerulonephritis
- not streptoscoccus - cross react with self antigens
- graves disease
- self antigens probs t lymphocytes - type I diabetes
- rheumatoid arthritis
- systemic lupus erythematosurs
- resiratory zone
- site of fas exhange between air and blood
- conduction zone
- conductees air to the respiartory zone
- what is the respiration
- ventilation, gas exhcange, oxygen utilization
- internal respiration
- blood and tissure and oxygen
- how many alveoli are there
- 300 milion
- oxygen exchange
- diffuses
- Type I alveolare cells
- 95%
- diaphram
- divides lugs from stomic
- visceral pleura
- covers surface of lungs
- ventilation
- compliance, elasticity and surface tension
- how much decress when inhale
- 3mmHg
- Boyle's law
- V1+P1 =V2 +P2
- are the lungs very distensible
- True
- lung compliance
- change in lung volume per change in tranpulmonary pressure
- pulmonary fibroisis
- decreases lung compliance
- pneumothorax
- air enters teh intrapleural space
- RDS
- lack of suficient in infents,
- surfactant
- redues surface tension
- acute respiratory distress ysndrome
- septic shock
- quiet inspiration
- muscle contracion; contration of diaphram
- normal expiration
- muscle relaxation
- force contracion
- accessory repiration; inspiration helped by exterinal intercostals
- pulmoary ventilation
- flexibel thorax; inspiration and expriation
- quiet expiration
- passive
- anatomical dead space
- fresh air is inhaled mixed with air not all air is changed 150ml
- restrictive disorders
- pulomanry fibrosis; vital capacity is reduced
- obstructive disorders
- ashma
- dyspnea
- shortness of breath
- emphysema
- smoking fewer but larger alveoli
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- asthma, emphaysema - 5 th leading death in US
- apneustic center
- promote inspiration
- chemorecpetors
- detects pco2, ph, p02
- central chemoreceptors
- medulla oblongata
- peripheral chemo
- aorta and cartotid ariteris
- thalassemia
- fpredominally among mediterranean , alpha