Musculoskeletal System
Terms
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- rickets
- osteomalacia in children (causes bone defortmity)
- irregular bones
- bones of vertebrae and face
- appendicular skeleton
- bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
- uln/o
- ulna
- rigidity
- stiffness; stiff muscle
- rigor
- stiffness; stiff muscle
- lei/o
- smooth
- tenotomy
- division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
- porosis
- passage
- gouty arthritis
- acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia
- spasm
- drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
- femor/o
- femur
- diaphysis
- shaft of a long bone
- myel/o
- bone marrow or spinal cord
- myodynia
- muscle pain
- closed reducation percutaneous fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position- often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
- origin of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
- fracture line
- the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g. oblique, spiral, or transverse)
- radiography
- an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radioation) to diagnose conditon or impairment somewhere in the body (e.g., extremeties, ribs, back, shoulders, joint)
- splinting
- use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part
- bony necrosis
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
- superior
- situated above another structure, toward the head
- spastic
- uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
- epiphysis
- wide ends of a long bone
- pelv/i
- hip bone or pelvic activity
- coronal or frontal plane
- vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
- osteoporosis
- condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle nd to more easily fracture
- analgesic
- a drug that relives pain
- narcotic
- a potent analgesic with addictive properties
- transverse plane
- horizontal division of the body into upper and lower positions
- osteomalacia
- disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
- dorsiflexion
- bending of the foot or the toes upward
- tetany
- tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
- hypotonia
- reduced muscle tension
- sagittal plane
- vertical division of the body into right and left portions
- herniated disk or disc
- protrustion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
- medullary cavity
- cavity within the shaft of he long bones filled with bone marrow
- short bones
- bones of wrist and ankles
- synovial membrane
- membrane lining the capsule of a joint
- rheumatoid arthritis
- most crippling form; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) causing akylosis and deformity
- arthrodesis
- binding or fusing of joint surfaces
- listhesis
- slipping
- open fracture
- compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
- periosteum
- a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
- osteosarcoma
- type of malignant bone tumor
- extension
- straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
- bursa
- a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
- flexion
- bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
- amputation
- partial or complete removal of a limb
- kyphosis
- abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
- adduction
- movement toward the body
- crani/o
- skull
- hypertrophy
- increase in the size of a muscle
- disk (disc)
- a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
- scoli/o
- twisted
- arthralgia
- jointpain
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technizue using magnetic fields and radio frequency awaves to visualize anatomic structures; used in detecting joint, tendon, and vertebral disc disorders
- abduction
- movement away from the body
- subluxation
- a partial dislocation
- lord/o
- bent
- myos/o
- muscle
- simple fracture
- a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline, stress, crack)
- muscular dystrophy
- a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (duchenne's type is most common)
- pelv/o
- hip bone or pelvic activity
- complex fracture
- a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
- rhabdomyoma
- skeletal muscle tumor
- spinal curvatures
- abnormal curvatures in the spine
- cost/o
- rib
- ton/o
- tone or tension
- yellow bone marrow
- gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells
- chondromalacia
- softening of the cartilage
- anti-inflammatory
- a drug that reduces inflammation
- anterior
- front of the body
- tendonitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- greenstick fracture
- bending and incomplete break of bone- most often seen in children
- bone scan
- a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc.
- myalgia
- muscle pain
- medial
- toward the middle (midline)
- recumbent
- lying down
- tendon/o
- tendon (to stretch)
- fracture
- broken or cracked bone
- bursitis
- inflammation of the bursa
- electromyogram
- a nuerodiagnostic graphic record othe electrical activty of muscle at rest and during contraciton; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a nuerologist
- rotation
- circular movement around an axis
- eversion
- turning outward i.e. a foot
- striated (skeletal) muscle
- voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
- antipyretic
- a drug that relieves fever
- fibr/o
- fiber
- hyperuricemia
- excessive level of uric acid in the blood
- patell/o
- knee cap
- spondylosis
- stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
- synovial fluid
- joing-lubricating fluid secreted vby the synovial membrane
- dactyl/o
- digit
- articulation
- a joint; the point where two bones come together
- arthrocentesis
- puncture for aspiration of a joint
- anterior-posterior
- from front to back; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
- tremor
- shakingl rhythmic, muscular movement
- osteomyelitis
- infection of bone and bone marryow causing inflammation
- ankylosis
- stiff joint condition
- cardiac muscle
- muscle of the heart
- ankyl/o
- crooked or stiff
- fasci/o
- fascia
- insertion of a muscle
- muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
- degenerative joint disease (DSD)
- no def. given. probably same as osteoarthritis
- erect
- normal standing position
- lordosis
- abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
- tend/o
- tendon (to stretch)
- spondyl/o
- vertebra
- stern/o
- sternum
- arthr/o
- joint
- distal
- away from the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
- degenerative arthritis
- no def. given. probably same as osteoarthritis
- arthroscopy
- procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
- crepitation
- grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
- sprain
- injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
- muscle
- tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
- prosthesis
- an artificial replacement for a missing body part, or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
- lateral
- toward the side
- osteoma
- bone tumor
- myoma
- muscle tumor
- sequestrum
- bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
- spondyl/o
- vertebra
- spondylosyndesis
- spinal fusion
- bone grafting
- transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
- epiphysitis
- inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
- rhabd/o
- rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
- long bones
- bones of arms and legs
- spondylolisthesis
- forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
- ligament
- a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
- tendinitis
- inflammation of a tendon
- kyph/o
- humped-back
- prone
- lying face down and flat
- atrophy
- shrinking of muscle size
- ostealgia
- bone pain
- arthritis
- inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; more than 100 types
- goniometer
- instrument used to measure joint angles
- smooth muscle
- involuntary muscle found in internal organs
- sarc/o
- flesh
- inferior
- situated below another structure, away from the head
- lumb/o
- loin (lower back)
- bursectomy
- excision of a bursa
- open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
- internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as paltes, screws, and pins
- endosteum
- membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
- radionuclide organ imaging
- a diagnostic imaging technizue using injecte4d or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size, shape, location and function of various body parts
- fascia
- a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
- body planes
- reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
- oste/o
- bone
- ten/o
- tendon (to stretch)
- spongy (cancellous) bone
- mesh-like, containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
- myositis
- infammation of muscle
- sesamoid bones
- round bones found near joints
- physical therapy (PT)
- treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
- bone
- specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
- flat bones
- bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
- gonio
- angle
- crepitus
- grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
- supine
- horizontal recumbent; lyding flat on the back ("on the spine")
- decubitus
- lying down, especially in a bed, i.e. lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)
- sonography
- use of high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make an image of tissues or structures
- computer axial tomography (CAT)
- a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then caculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
- articul/o
- joint
- my/o
- muscle
- comminuted fracture
- broken in many little pieces
- axial skeleton
- bones of skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone (u shaped bone at base of tongue)
- myoplasty
- repair of muscle
- osteoplasty
- repair of a bone
- traction (Tx)
- application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
- scoliosis
- abnormal lateral curvature (S-shaped curve)
- red bone marrow
- functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
- orthosis
- use of orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support
- osteoarthritis
- most common form of arthritis, especially affecting weight-bearing joints; characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
- tendon
- a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
- rhabdomyosarcoma
- malignant skeletal muscle tumor
- range of motion
- total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct, measured in degrees
- luxation
- dislocation
- compact bone
- tightly, solid, strong, resisitant to bending
- closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
- external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold hte bone in place while healing
- physis
- growth
- myeloma
- bone marrow tumor
- radi/o
- radius
- exostosis
- a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
- leiomyoma
- smooth muscle tumor
- axis
- line that runs through the center of the body or body part
- anatomical position
- the position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facng forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing foward; the patient is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference
- closed fracture
- broken bone with no open wound
- osteotomy
- an incision into the bone
- bone marrow
- soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
- plantar flexion
- bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
- nuclear medicine imaging
- a diagnostic imaging technizue using injecte4d or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining size, shape, location and function of various body parts
- inversion
- turning inward i.e. a foot
- arthroplasty
- repair or renconstruction of a joint
- posterior
- back of the body
- osteodynia
- bone pain
- leiomyosarcoma
- malignant smooth muscle tumor
- metaphysis
- growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
- flaccid
- flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- arthrogram
- a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
- bunion
- swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
- nucleus pulposus
- soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disc
- thorac/o
- chest
- posterior-anterior
- from back to front; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
- computed tomography (CT)
- a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then caculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
- muscul/o
- muscle
- proximal
- toward the beginning or origin of a structure, e.g. the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
- nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
- a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (asprin) commonly used to treat arthritis
- trophy
- nourishment
- supination
- turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
- cervic/o
- neck
- casting
- use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing