Reproductive Sys
Terms
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copy deck
- what glands secrete the majority of semen volume
-
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands - what keeps intrascrotal temperature constant
-
two muscles:
dartos (wrinkles scrotal skin)
cremaster (elevates testes) - sites of sperm production
- seminiferous tubules (within testes)
- path of sperm after production
- leave s. tubules via efferent ductules --> epididymis contracts during ejaculation --> it becomes vas deferens --> sperm out of testes --> this plus seminal vesicles (adds fluids) becomes ejaculatory duct --> prostate gland adds fluids --> becomes urethra --> bulbourethral gland adds fluids --> leaves penis via urethra
- components of the internal penis
-
urethra
three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue - def. erectile tissue
- spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces
- what causes erection
- parasympathetic PNS reflex stim rel of NO into erectile tissue vasculature --> NO causes vasodilation in erectile tissue --> fills with blood
- what is corpus spongiosum; function
- surrounds urethra; expands to form glans of penis
- what keeps the urethra open during ejaculation
- corpus spongiosum
- what is corpus cavernosa; function
-
pair of erectile tissues, more dorsal
when they fill with blood --> drainage veins are compressed --> blood remains there --> maintains engorgement - def. impotence
- inability to attain or sustain a rigid erection
- vasectomy
- cutting and ligating vas deferens to prevent sperm release
- secretions of seminal vesicles
- alkaline
- secretions of prostate gland
-
milky fluid with:
citrate
enzymes
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - function of PSA
- role in activation of sperm
- general role of semen
-
transport medium for sperm
provides sperm with nutrients (fructose)
protects and activates sperm
facilitates their movement
neutralizes acid envir of M urethra and F vagina - volume of semen ejaculated; typical sperm content
-
2-5 mL
50-100 mill sperm/mL - what nervous activation causes ejaculation; process
-
sympathetic nerves
reprod ducts and accessory organs contract --> empty their contents
bladder sphincter muscles constrict --> urine can't be expelled
propulsion of semen through urethra to ext envir - pathway of cells leading to mature sperm
- spermatagonia --> mitosis --> 1 spermatocytes --> meiosis I --> 2 spermatocytes (n) --> meiosis II --> spermatids (n) --> spermiogensis --> spermatids mature to sperm
- primary spermatocytes are haploid or diploid
- diploid
- regions of sperm
-
head
midpiece
tail - char of head of sperm
-
contains DNA
has helmet-like acrosome cap with hydrolytic enzymes --> sperm can penetrate egg - where are mitochondria of sperm concentrated
- midpiece; spiraled around tail filaments
- tail is produced by what
- a centriole
-
what regions hormonally regulate spermatogensis and testicular androgen production
-
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
testes - testosterone precursor
- cholesterol
- testosterone also transformed into what
-
DHT
estrogen for effects in some neurons - testosterone targets what
-
all accessory sex organs
without it, these atrophy - testosterone production with age
- decreases but still present in high enough amounts to support spermatogenesis
- effect of testosterone/DHT at puberty
-
pubic, axillary, facial hair
chest growth
deepening voice
skin thickens, becomes oily
bones grow, increased density
increased skel muscle size and mass - what is basis of libido in Ms? Fs?
- testosterone, in both
- primary F reproductive organs
- ovaries
- what secretes estrogen and progesterone
- ovaries
- accessory ducts/organs of F reprod sys
-
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
breasts (not truly) - what is tunica albuginea
- fibrous layer surrounding ovaries
- what is germinal epithelium
- covers tunica albuginea, which surrounds ovaries
- location of ovarian follicles within ovaries
- within ovary cortex
- components of ovarian follicle
-
oocyte
follicle cells
granulosa cells - def. oocyte
- immature egg
- diff b/w follicle cells and granulosa cells
- when cell layer (that surrounds the oocyte) is one cell think vs multiple cell layers
- what is ampulla
- end of uterine tubes surrounding the ovary
- what is infundibulum
- ciliated end of uterine tube right at ovaries
- ovulated oocyte goes where
-
into peritoneal cavity! - no direct contact with the uterine tubes
then beating infundiubulum cilia create currents to carry oocyte into uterine tube
propelled toward uterus by peristalsis or ciliary action - list components of the uterus
-
body
fundus
isthmus
cervix - fundus of uterus
- highest part of the uterus; above entrance to uterine tubes
- isthmus of uterus
- narrowed region between the body and cervix
- what is cervical canal
-
cavity of cervix (which connects uterus to vagina)
communicates with vagina via external os (bottom of cervix)
communicates with uterine body via internal os (top of cervix) - function of cervical glands
- secrete mucus that covers external os --> blocks sperm entry except during middle of the menstrual cycle (during ovulation)
- layers of the uterine wall; order from outer to inner
-
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium - char of myometrium
- has interlacing layers of smooth muscle
- char of endometrium
-
innermost, mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
has numerous uterine glands; they change in length with the endometrial thickness - list and explain uterine glands of endometrium
-
stratum functionalis - changes in resp to ovarian hormones; shed during menstruation
statum basalis - forms new functionalis after menstruation ends - position of vagina relative to bladder and rectum
- between bladder and rectum
- functions of vagina
-
passageway for birth
menstrual flow
organ of copulation - what is the vaginal fornix
- widened upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix
-
what are greater vestibular glands; homologous to what
function -
pea-size glands surrounding the vagina
to the M bulbourethral glands
keeps vestibule moist and lubricated
-
clitoris -- homologous to what
exposed portion is called what -
erectile tissue
to M penis
glans of clitoris - mammary glands contain sweat glands consisting of what
- 12-25 lobes
- what do lobes of mammary sweat glands contain
- glandular alveoli
-
function of glandular alveoli
location -
within lobes of mammary sweat glands
produce milk during lactation - where does milk go
- from milk glands to lacteriferous ducts --> open externally at nipple
- def. areola
- pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
- what do suspensory ligaments do
- attach breast to underlying muscle fascia
- process of production of ova
-
fetal period:
oogonia --> mitosis --> 1 oocyte --> begin meiosis; stop in prophase I -->
after puberty:
a few 1 oocytes complete meiosis --> 2 oocyte (n) and polar body --> stops in metaphase II --> ovulated --> if fertilized, completes meiosis II --> one large ovum and 2nd polar body
- hormone release during childhood
- ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogen --> GnRH rel is inhibited
- hormone release as puberty nears
- hypothal less sensitive to estrogen --> rel GnRH --> ant pituit rel FSH and LH --> act on ovaries
- def. follicular phase of ovarian cycle
- period of follicular growth (D 1-14)
- def. luteal phase of ovarian cycle
- period of corpus luteum activity (D 14-28)
- events of follicular phase
-
primordial follicle --> help from oocyte --> 1 follicle --> 2 follicle
theca folliculi and granulosa cells cooperate to prod estrogen --> full size follicle bulges from external surface of ovary
primary oocyte completes meiosis I --> stage set for ovulation - what occurs if oocyte is not fertilized
- corpus luteum degenerates to form corpus albicans (a scar)
-
what occurs after ovulation in terms of follicle
-
vesicular follicle's remains (ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge) forms corpus luteum
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen - what does corpus luteum secrete
- progesterone and estrogen
- activities of corpus luteum if oocyte IS fertilized
- corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over (about 10 wks)
- hormonal events during follicular phase
-
GnRH stim rel of FSH, LH
FSH, LH stim follicle growth/maturation; inititate estogren rel from maturing follicle
rising estrogen inhibits FSH, LH rel
then HIGH estrogen positively feeds back --> increased LH rel
LH stim 1 oocyte to complete meisosis I and 2 oocyte goes onto metaphase II - hormonal events at and after ovulation
-
LH surge triggers ovulation
LH transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
corpus luteum prod inhibin, progest, estrogen
these decrease FSH, LH
this causes decreased estrogen from ovaries
towards D 26, decreased ovarian hormones
decreased LH causes degen of c.luteum --> no progest rel --> endometrium not supported --> sloughs off - what exactly occurs to cause endometrium cells to slough off
-
decrease in progesterone as c. luteum degenerates (from decreased LH levels due to c. luteum hormones inhibiting FSH and LH rel)
no endometrium hormonal suport
arteries kink, spasm, cells begin to die; arteries constrict one last time then suddenly relax and open wide --> rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds --> lining sloughs off - other effects of estrogens
-
promote oogenesis and follicle growth
anabolic effects on F reprod tract
growth of breasts
increased subcutaneous fat
widening and lightening of pelvis
growth of axillary and pubic hair - effect of insufficient estrogen; occurs when
- reprod organs atrophy; menopause
- events of menopause
-
irritability, depressive (CNS)
intense vasodilation of skin b vessels (hot flashes)
gradual thinning of skin and decreased bone density
increased risk of CV disease (blood DHL levels decrease to same level as Ms) - effects of sexual excitation
-
clitoris, vaginal mucosa, breasts engorge with blood
vestibular gland secretions - function of secetions of vestibular gland
- lubricates vestibule; facilitates entry of penis
- physiological changes assoc with orgasm
- muscle tension, increased pulse and BP, rhythmic contractions of uterus
- when does zygote implant in endometrium
- 4-7 days after fertilization
- what are trophoblasts
- cells from developing embryo
- what cells help form the placenta
- trophoblasts and endometrial lining
- what is required for pregnancy to continue? what provides this?
- estrogen and progesterone; by placenta
- what stimulates childbirth
- oxytocin rel by pituitary in sudden burst --> prostaglandin rel from placenta --> uterine muscle contractions
- explain stages of labor
-
dilation -- cervix stretches as baby's head is forced into it by uterine contractions
expulsion - delivery of baby
placental - expulsion of placenta and fetal membranes - process for lactation to occur
- estrogens, progest, lactogen --> stim hypothalamus to rel PRH --> stim ant pituir to rel prolactin
- def. lactation
- production of milk by mammary glands
- what promotes milk release
- oxytocin
- what is colostrum
- sol ruch in vit A, protein, minerals, IgA rel by mammary glands for 2-3 days; followed by true milk prod
- advantages of breast milk
-
fats and iron better absorbed
proteins broken down more efficiently than cow's milk
beneficial substances
interleukins and prostaglandins --> prevent inflamm responses
natural laxatives --> cleanse the bowels of meconium - breast cancer usually arises from
- epithelial cells of ducts
- risk factors for breast cancer
-
early onset of menses or late menopause
no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
previous family history
mutations to genes BRCAI, BRCA2 - surgery used today
- lumpectomy, not radical mastectomy
- gonorrhea: cause, F and M symptoms, treatment; if untreated
-
bacterial infection by contact
Ms - painful urination, pus discharge
Fs - none; abdom discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding
antiobiotics (penicillin)
can result in PID - syphilis: cause, impact on fetuses; symptoms; treatment
-
bact infection - sexually or congenitally
fetuses often stillborn or die shortly after birth
painless chancre (1) and disappears --> pink skin, rash, fever, joint pain (2) --> latent period --> lesions of CNS, b vessels, bones, skin (3)
penicillin - chlamydia: symptoms, effects, treatment
-
urethritis, discharges, abdom, rectal, testic pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses
can cause arthritis and UTIs in men; sterility in Fs
tetracycline - most common STD in US
- chlamydia
- chlamydia resp for 25-50% of what
- PID cases
- genital warts: cause, effects
- by HPV; increase risk of penile, vaginal, anal, cervical cancer
- genital herpes: cause; effects, treatment, prevention
-
by Epstein-Barr type II virus; latent periods and flare-ups
can cause malformations of fetus
cause of cervical cancer
acyclovir, others
Gardasil