APWORLD: 24
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- INDUSTRIALIZATION: CAUSES
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⬢ Agricultural revolution
o Replaced open field system with continuous rotation
⬢ 1763: Britain had realized its goal of monopolizing a vast trade and colonial empire for its benefits, this marked a major step toward the indust rev.
⬢ creation of cotton textile industry - MAIN CITIES AND CONDITIONS IN CITIES
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⬢ Liverpool and Manchester: financial/tech success, railroads
More money, more poverty - CONDITIONS IN FACTORIES
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⬢ factories resemble poorhouses
⬢ not allowed to form unions
⬢ came as family units (factory act broke this)
⬢ women suffered/some thought there was sexual exploitation - SIGNIFICANT INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS
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⬢ James Hargreaves/Richard Arkwright: spinning machines meant to inc. prod. of cotton thread
⬢ James Watt: efficient steam engine
o Also gave boom to the iron industry
⬢ George Stephenson: railroad
o Reduced cost/uncertainty of shipping freight overload
o Markets became larger/nationwide
o Growth of urban workers, demand for unskilled labor - DAVID RICARDO
- • “iron law of wagesâ€: due to population growth, wages will always be subsistence level (just enough to keep from starving)
- ADAM SMITH
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⬢ said freely competitive private enterprise would mean greater income for all
⬢ laissez-faire - THOMAS MALTHUS
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⬢ said population will grow faster than food supply
⬢ only way to limit famine/disease was to marry late in life - LUDDITES
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• handicraft workers who didn’t approve of factory conditions
• attacked factories in N.eng and smashed new machines - CHARTIESTS
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⬢ political democracy was the goal
⬢ all men should get right to vote
Had 6 demands. #1 was univ. male suffrage - BRITISH PARLIAMENT AND FACTORY ACTS
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⬢ Factory Act of 1833: limited factory work children 9-13 to 8 hrs. and 14-18 12 hours. Prohibited employing ages 9 and younger. Broke pattern of family units in factory
⬢ Mines Act of 1842: Prohibited underground work for all women & boys under 10 - EDWIN CHADWICK
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• Said disease/death cause poverty
• “sanitary ideaâ€: disease could be prevented by cleaning up urban environment
• his reports became basis of Britain’s first public health law. modern urban sewer system - RESULTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
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⬢ revealed the bad city conditions
⬢ raised poverty, more people, lived better/power - GREAT REFORM BILL OF 1832
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Doubles # of men who can vote from 8 - 16%
votes taken away from rural to urban people