-3- micro
Terms
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- Elie Metchnikoff
- Founded phagocytosis
- Paul Ehrilich & Emil von Behring
- Humoral immunity. Immulity to diptheria and tetanus resided in the cell free portion of the blood.
- Wright and Douglas
- Who discovered Opsonins: serum substances aided phagocytosis?
- microorganisms
- What causes infectious diseases?
- Disease
- Any abnormality of body structure and/or function.
- Infection disease
- Diesease caused by microorganisms.
- Infection
- The invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
- Symbiosis
- living together
- Commensalism
- One organism is benefited and the other is unaffected.
- Mutualism
- Both organisms are benefited.
- Parasitism
- One organism is benefited at the expense of the other. (when the host is harmed)
- Host-microbial relationships
-
Transient Microbiota/Flora
Normal/resident microbiota/flora
Opportunist/opportunistic pathogen
Pathogens - Transient Microbiota/Flora
- Present only for a short time, without causing disease.
- Opportunist/opportunistic pathogen
- Organisms which are potentially disease causing but don't cause disease in healthy individuals. May cause disease in: immune compromised or suppreseed individuals, antibiotic therapy, ectopic sites (not normal place found), etc.
- Pathogens
- Disease causing organisms.
- Normal/resident microbiota/flora
- Microorganisms that colonize the body without causing disease.
- Microbial antagonism
-
Prevents overgrowth of invading organisms/pathogens.
good guys
help prevent disease -
symptom
sign
syndrome
communicable disease
contagious
noncommunicable disease - What are the classifications of infectious disease? (6)
- symptom
-
subjective
something that someone feels - sign
-
Objective
Can be observed and measured
Something you see - syndrome
- A group of symptoms/signs that together characterize a specific condition/disease.
- communicable disease
- Any disease spread from one host to another
- contagious
- Easily spread from one person to another.
- Noncommunicable disease
-
1. opportunist
2. organism resides outside the body and is introduced by mechanical means.
e.g. Clost tetani (tetanus) - clost tetani (tetanus)
- Give me an example of a noncommunicable disease.
- incidence of disease
-
morbidity rate
# of new cases over a certain time period per healthy pop.
Usually given as # of cases/100,000. - Prevalance
- ___________ of a disease is the percent of the population having a particular disease at any given time.
- incidence
- The _________ of a disease is the fraction of a population that contracts it during a particular length of time.
-
sporadic
endemic - If a disease occurs only occationally, it is termed _________; when it is constantly present, as is the common cold, it is termed ________.
- acute
- An ______ disease is one that develps reapidly but last only a short time.
- chronic
- A ______ disease develops more slowly and the body reactions are often less severe, but its continuous or recurrent for long periods of time.
- subacute
- Diseases intermediate btwn acute and chronic are described as ________.
- latent
- A _______ disease is one in which the pathogen is inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce the symptoms
- Local infection
- is one in which the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body, e.g., boils.
- Systemic or generalized –
- infection, microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymphatic system
- Focal infection
- one in which a local infection, sinuses, enters the blood or lymph and spreads to other parts of the body.
- The presence of bacteria in the blood
- Bacteremia –
- Sepsis
- a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of bacteria or baterial toxins from a focus of infection
- Septicemia
- sepsis that results from the proliferation of bacterial pathogens in the bloodstream
- presence of toxins in the blood.
- Toxemia –
- Viremia –
- presence of viruses in the blood.
- – is an acute infection that causes the initial illness.
- Primary infection
- Secondary infection
- caused by an opportunist only after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses.
- Subclinical (inapparent) infection
- one that does not cause any noticeable illness.
- Predispoing factors
- _________ _______, such as gender, genetic background, climate, age, and nutrition, can greatly affent the occurrence of disease in individuals
- Incubation period
- the time btwn actual infection and the first appearance of signs or symptoms.
- Prodromal period.
- follow the incubation period in some diseases and is characterized by mild symptoms of the disease
- Period of illness
- The overt symptoms of the disease are apparent.
- Period of decline .
- The signs and symptoms subside
- period of convalescence
- The patient regains his or her prediseased state
-
Incubation period
Prodromal period
Period of illness
Period of decline
Period of convalescence - What are the 5 developments of disease?
- reservior of infection
- A continual source of the pathogen, such as an animal or inanimate object.
- direct contact transmission
- Infections may be spread more or less directly from one host to another by, ______ ______ ___________, such as kissing, handshaking, bites, or sexual intercourse.
- Droplet infection
- Agents of the disease are spread very short distances(less than meter) while contained in droplets of saliva or mucus from coughing or sneezing.
-
indirect contact transmission
fomite - _______ ______ __________ involves a nonliving object, such as a drinking cup or towel, called a _______.
- vehicle transmission
- _______ __________ is inanimate reserviors such as food, water, or blood may transmit diseases to large numbers of individuals.
- airborne transmission
- Diseases spread by agents of infection traveling on droplets or dust for a distance of more than a meter are considered to occur by ______ _________.
- vectors
- animals that carry pathogens from one host to another.
- Mechanical transmission
- Insects carry pathogens on their bodies to food that is later swallowed by the host.
- Biological transmission
- The anthropod may pass the pathogen in a bit, or it may pass the pathogen in its feces, which later enter the wound caused by the anthropods bite.
- Portals of exit
- Routes by which a pathogen leaves the body