Microbial Immunity
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- 4 types of pathogens to worry about
- extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, viruses, parasites
- two ways extracellular bacteria cause injury
- toxins and induction of acute inflammation
- how to combat extracellular bacteria
- phagocytosis (mps and neutros), alternative complement pathway, cytokin production, humoral immunity (opsonization, classical complement)
- How extracellular bacteria evade immune responses
- inhibit/resist complement, antigenic variation
- Two ways intracellular bacteria cause injury
- cytopathic, also lead to exaggerated immune response which is injurious
- how to combat intracellular bacteria
- innate: cytokines to enhance phagocytic ability, NK cells; adaptive: cell mediated immunity
- how do intracellular bacteria evade immune response?
- mycobacteria: inhibit lysosome movement and phagolysosome fusion; listeria: hemolysin creates pores in phagosome; legionella: inhibit phagolysosome fusion
- two ways viruses cause tissue injury
- viral replication leads to cytopathic effects, host immune response kills infected cells
- how to combat viruses
- type I interferons to produce anti-viral state, NK cells, humoral imm (ab block viral binding, opsonization, complement), CTL response
- how to viruses evade immune responses?
- antigenic variation, suppression of immune responses
- how to combat parasites
- IgE/eos, CD4+, CTLs
- parasite immune evasion
- anatomic sequestration, antigen masking, biochemical changes in coat/cell wall, variations of surface antigens, shedding of antigenic coats, suppression of host responses
- Five classes of vaccines:
- attenuated and inactivated, subunit, synthetic antigen, live viral vector, DNA vaccines
- how long is immune response to attenuated/killed vaccines?
- short
- purified macromolecule vaccines:
- bacterial polysaccharide conjugated, toxoids, subunit, synthetic peptide