Immunology Test #2
Terms
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- Epitope
-
naturally ocurring antigenic determinant
Example: protein - Hapten
-
artificial, made in laboratory
Ex: di-nitro phenol (DNP) - (Conjugate Hapten Carrier Complex
- too small to stimulate an immune response, so complex it w/ a protein to make it large enough to be recognized
- Intrinsic Antigen Characteristics
-
***Characteristics of the antigen***
-Must be "perceived" as foreign
-Chemical composition
-Molecular weight
-Molecular or structural complexity
-Digestibility - Extrinsic Antigen Characteristics
-
***Factors that are different from the antigen***
-the host itself
-the route of exposure
-the dose
-the incorporation of adjuvants - Adjuvants
- enhance an immune response
- Cross Reactions
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-Similar Shape
-Shared antigenic determinants - Vaccines
-
-A preventative measure
-Artificially active acquire immunity - Infection
- the colonization or establishment of microorganisms in or on the body
- Intoxication
-
Produces toxins in the body
ex: diptheria & tetanus produce toxins in the blood - Extracellular parasitism
- Organism enters the body but does not invade hte cells (HMI)
- Intracellular parasitism
-
Organism enters the cells to cause an infection (CMI)
-Viruses - Kinds of Vaccines
-
-Kill or inactivate the causative agent
-Living mircroorganisms / active viruses but avirulent (attenuated)
- Sub-unit vaccines --> take just a portion - Subunit Vaccines
-
-Use "component" of causative agent
-Purify & treat so as to remove toxicity
-Purify "structural" elements
-Can be problematic - Recombinant Vaccines
-
1.) Recombinant antigen vaccines
2.) Recombinant vector vaccines
3.) DNA vaccines - Recombinant Antigen Vaccine
-
-The plasmid with the gene encoding hte protective Ag is placed into a yeast cell (saccharomyces cerevisiae) where it causes the production of the protective Ag
-Only the protective Ag made from the cell is used as teh vaccine injected in hte patient - Recombinant Vector Vaccine
-
-Inject the entire cell, not just the protective Ag, into hte patient
-Use many cell types
-Use virus / bacteria as a shuttle bus or vector to take the gene into hte host to be expressed