chapter 10-personality
Terms
undefined, object
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- self-concept clarity
- The extent to which self-beliefs are: clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent and stable (Canadians higher that Japs)
- essential self
- key descriptors used, would you still be you if you weren't...?
- development of the essential self
- 13% kindergartners, 24% second graders, 74% adults
- Neisser's Kinds of Self knowledge
- perceptual; interactional; private; narrative; conceptual
- James' Self: The "I"
- The self as knower/experiencer: subjective. Agency, uniqueness, continuity, meta-awareness
- James' Self: The "me"
- The self as known/experienced: objective. Material me, social me, spiritual me.
- self-esteem
- general vs. domain specific
- Daniel Stern and language
- It drives a wedge between two simultaneous forms of interpersonal experience: as it is lived and as it is verbally expressed
- "me" of early childhood
- physical, active, little mention of others or psychological processes
- The "I" of early childhood
- uniqueness and continuitity: based primarity on bodily attributes
- Children's use of "I"
- frequently (at dinner and in lab), 50% psychological (I want, I think), negative (can and know)
- Imaginary friends, why?
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Boys: hero- to have ego ideal or ideal self to identify with
Girls: to nurture-to have an alter that you care for, that needs you - the "me" of late childhood
- physical is less prominent, less specific active, comparisons with others, psychological clearly distinguished from physical
- The "I" of late childhood
- Uniqueness and continuity: based increasingly on psychological attributes; integration of multiple attributes
- Loevinger's Ego Development
- the higher the stage the better; from egocentric to flexible; development associated with openness
- looking glass self
- self as seen through the eyes of others (eg imaginary friends)
- generalized other
- the "audience" you think is watching you
- self-monitoring
- extent to which a person tends to modify behavior in response to external demands and contingencies
- high self monitors
- more uncommitted/unattached sexual relationships
- possible selves
- not a single self, but many possible selves; a self to strive for
- self discrepancy: Domains
- actualy self, ought self and ideal self
- self discrepancy: Affect
- disappointment, shame, guilt and fear.
- self discrepancy: Affect depends on
- availability: discrepancy between actual self and mother's ideal; accessibility: how often do I think about wheter I am meeting my mother's ideals
- discrepancies: origins
- adopted early in life from interactions with parents: parents bemoan lost hopes, conditions of worth, strict and overcontrolling parents
- self discrepancy: therapy implications
- work to change actual/own self concept; change self guides and change accessibility by avoiding certain situations that expose discrep.
- undesired self
- often based on real experiences, therefore more concrete.
- undesired self: gender differences
- males more defensive; 50% female worst self-involving family (3% males), 90% females worst self- involving relationships (30% males)
- undesired self: therapy implications
- Instead of trying to change the actual, ought or ideal selves, focus on determining the source and power of the undesired self
- self-with-other
- the self you are with others; can be very similar or very different; related to self-monitoring and social self
- Overview: Erikson's theory
- Life-span personality development; important, dramatic events/incidents; "Who am I" key question; acheiving identity is psychosocial acheivement; lives are legacies for coming generations
- Triple bookkeeping
- somatic (body) including drives; ego- how you cope with drives and make sense of the world; societal-individual embedded in larger social world
- Erikson vs Freud
- Erikson is an optimist; believes in retrospective determiniism, meaning you construct your past, narrative psychology
- Erikson: stage theory
- each stage presents challenge/asks question; mastery of each stage+ positive adjustment; old stages appear in different forms.
- Erikson: early stages
- basic trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame/doubt; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority
- Erikson: key stage
- identity vs. role confusion Who am I?
- Process of indentity formation
- thoughout childhood, many identities, normative crisis, reject and select specific identities.
- Erikson: prerequisites for identity
- Vertical on chart: unipolarity (trust), bipolarity (autonomy), play identification (initiative), work identification (industry)
- Erikson: Repeats
- Horizontal: time perspective (trust), self-certainty (autonomy), role experimentation (initiative), anticipation of achievement (industry), sexual identity (intimacy)
- Identity statuses
- exploration to commitment: occupational goals, idealogy (political, religious), autonomy
- identities de novo
- creating new identities, needing a fake past?
- negative identities
- identifications and roles that were presented as undesirable or dangerous, yet real
- Erikson measure
- findings: identity, intimacy, generativity increase with age; scale pos. correlated with well being; females score higher on intimacy (correlation with identity stronger); males score higher on autonomy, initiative and industry.
- Ekikson: stages in adulthood
- intimacy vs. isolation, only after reasonable sense of indentity established. for some, "I am who I'm with"
- Marcia's Identity Statuses
- Identity achievement (full look then found), moratorium (still looking), forclosure (quick look, choice made), identity diffusion (haven't begun to look)
- Josselson's research
- pathmakers=identity achievment; searchers=moratorium; guardians=forclosure; drifter=diffusion
- Gender differences in identity and intimacy
- women may depend less on occupational factors and more on relationship factors; forclosure may be adaptive for women; women score higher on intimacy measures
- Generativity: Definition
- to invest in forms of life and work that will outlive the self
- Generativity: domains
- Biological, cultural, parental technical
- Erikson: the last stage
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Ego integrity: accepting your life for what it is (the good and the bad)
vs. despair: lack of acceptance, fear of death. - Life review
- looking back, settling accounts; ego integrity or despair
- Identity constraints vs. content
- constraints: structural requirements; content: religious, political beliefs and career goals.
- Life review and acceptance
- Life review not a requirement for acceptance for everyone.