Theories of Development
Terms
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Developmental Issues
(Freud, Sigmund
Austrian Nuerologist)
3 Basic Structures -
1- id
2- ego
3- superego -
Developmental Issues
Define
Id - unconscience, no morality, consists of instincts, reservoir of psychic energy
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Developmental Issues
Define
Ego -
no morality, deals with reality, uses reasoning to make decision, problem solving, initiative, memory;
(As child experiences demands and constraints of reality a new part of ego )emerges. -
Developmental Issues
Define
Superego -
known as our conscience
Moralizer
Developed thru role models, learning -
Psychosexual Theory
Freud believed in 5 stages -
1-mouth
2-Anal
3-Phallic included Oedipus
4-Latency
5-Genital -
Psychosexual Theory
Define
Mouth -
from 0-18 month
mouth pleasure -
Psychosexual Theory
Define
Anal -
1.5 - 3 yrs old
eliminative functions associated with the anus. -
Psychosexual Theory
Define
Phallic -
3-6 yrs old
discovery of own genital
--Oedipus complex, resolved by identification w/same sex parent -
Psychosexual Theory
Define
Latency -
6-Puberty
represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills -
Psychosexual Theory
Define
Genital -
Puberty onward
sexual reawakening, sexual pleasure w/someone outside of family -
Psychosocial Theory
(Erik Erikson)
8 psychosocial stages -
1-trust vs mistrust
2-autonomy vs shame or doubt
3-initiative vs guilt
4-industry vs inferiority
5-Identity vs indentity confusion
6-intimacy vs isolation
7-generativity vs stagnation
8-integrity vs despair -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Trust vs Mistrust -
infancy, 1st year
physical comfort, minimal fear about the future -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Autonomy vs shame or doubt -
1- 3 yrs old
after trust, exploration can occur, trust extended and trust in own skills -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Initiative vs guilt -
Preschool years
Acquisition of responsibilities for own bodies. Beginning to see self as seperate.
If anxiety or irresponsibility builds, may have feelings of guilt; overpretected or over critisized may develope shame or guilt -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
industry vs inferiority -
Elementary School years
multiple experiences, master of knowledge and intellectual skills. Develop purposeful behaviors to cope w/their environment -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Intimacy vs isolation -
Early adulthood (young adult)
once formed good self-identity, can form intimate relationships w/others -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Generativity vs stagnation -
Middle adulthood
Chief concern w/helping new generation in having useful lives; stagnation is the feeling of not having contributed to the world for betterment. -
Psychosocial Theory
Define
Integrity vs despair -
late adulthood
reflecting on thepas nd concluding a positive or negative review of life - 3 Cognitive Theories
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1-Piaget Cognitive development Theory
2-Vygotsky Sociocultural Cogniive Theory
3- Information-processing Theory -
Cognitive Theories
Define
Piagets Theory -
That children construct own understanding of world by actively experiencing the environment thru 4 stages:
1-Sensori-Motor
2-Preoperational stage
3-concrete operations
4-formal operations
2 processes underlie the cognitive process:
1-Organization
2-Adaptation -
Cognitive Theories
Piagets Theory
Define
Sensori-Motor -
0-2 years
construction of the world via sonsory experiences and motor actions -
Cognitive Theories
Piagets Theory
Define
Preoperational stage -
2-7 years
represent the world with words, images, and drawings -
Cognitive Theories
Piagets Theory
Define
Concrete stage -
7-11 years
can perform operations and logical reasoning replaced intuitive thought of concrete and specific examples -
Cognitive Theories
Piagets Theory
Define
Formal stage -
11-15-adulthood
think in abstract and logical terms. (adolescent may think up an ideal parent and compare) Fasciated with what they can become and the future