PY101 CH. 12
Terms
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- refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
- personality
- is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.
- personality trait
- correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
- factor analysis
- include all the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces.
- psychodynamic theories
- is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle.
- id
- which demands immediate gratifica- tion of its urges.
- pleasure principle
- is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
- ego
- which seeks to delay gratiï¬ cation of the id’s urges until appro- priate outlets and situations can be found.
- reality principle
- is the moral component of per- sonality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
- superego
- is attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
- projection
- is diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
- displacement
- is behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true feelings.
- reaction formation
- is a rever- sion to immature patterns of behavior
- regression
- is bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group.
- identification
- is a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
- fixation
- children manifest erotically tinged desires for their oppo- site-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hos- tility toward their same-sex parent.
- oedipal complex
- houses material that is not within one’s conscious awareness be- cause it has been repressed or forgotten
- personal unconscious
- is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past
- collective unconscious
- are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
- archetypes
- is the idea that internal mental events, external en- vironmental events, and overt behavior all infl u- ence one another.
- reciprocal determinism
- which assumes that one has to appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly under- stand their behavior
- phenomenological approach
- is the degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual expe- rience
- incongruence
- self-concept. A self-concept is a collection of be- liefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior.
- self concept
- a systematic arrange- ment of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
- hierarchy of needs
- are personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic be- havior.
- self report inventories