Ch 3-States of Matter
Terms
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- Boyle's law
- staes that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas decreases and the volume of the gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases
- energy
- the capacity to do work
- sublimation
- process where a solid changes directly into a gas; dry ice
- plasma
- matter that starts as a gas then ionizes; conducts electric currents; found in lightning, fire, aurora borealis
- melting point
- temp at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
- formula for pressure
- pressure = force/area
- solid
- particles fixed, iron
- liquid
- particles closed packed but slide, oil
- fluid speeds
- speed increases in smaller areas than larger areas; thumb over hose
- boiling point
- temp at which a liquid boils
- freezing point
- the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid; particles slow down and attraction increases
- temperature
- measurement of the kinetic energy of the particles in the object
- amorphous solids
- stoms/molecules that are in no particular order; rubber/wax
- gas
- particles in constant motion, oxygen
- surface tension
- the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid that causes spherical drops to form
- kinetic energy
- energy in motion
- change of state
- conversion of a substance form one physical form to another
- law of conservation of energy
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- pressure
- the amount of force exerted per unit are of a surface; pressure increases as depth increases
- the volume of an object equals
- the volume of the water that is displaced
- Kinetic Theory
- 1. matter is made of atoms/molecules 2. particles always in motion 3. heavier particles move slower
- crystalline solids
- orderly arrangement of atoms/molecules, ice/diamonds
- Bernoulli's principle
- states that fluid pressure decreases as the speed of a moving fluid increases
- exothermic change
- energy is released from substances as it changes state
- Archimedes' principle
- states the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces
- density determines
- if a substance will sink or float; sinks if denser that liquid; rise if lighter
- buoyant force
- the upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid; floating in a pool
- pascal
- SI unit; equal to the force of 1 newton exerted over an are of 1 square meter
- fluids
- nonsolid stae of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other; gas or liquid
- Gay-Lussac's law
- states that the pressure of a gas at a constant volume is directly proportional to the absolute temp; spray can explode when heated
- Charle's law
- states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temp of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases; balloons shrink in the freezer
- endothermic change
- changes that requre energy; solid to a liquid
- viscosity
- the resitance of a gas or liquid to flow; honey or oil is more viscous than water
- properties of liquid
- definite volume but change shape depending on the container
- law of conservation of mass
- mass cannot be created or destroyed; total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products
- condensation
- the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid; dew
- thermal energy
- total kinetic energy of the particles; faster the particles move, the greater the kinetic energy and the higher the temperature
- heat
- transfer of energy that causes the temp of a substance to change
- hydraulic devices
- devices that use liquids to transmit pressure from one point to another; can multiply forces
- condensation point
- the temperature when a gas becomes a liquid
- pascal's principle
- states that a fluid in equilibrium contained in a vessel exerts a pressure of equal intensity in all directions; squeezing toothpaste; pressure 1=pressure2
- evaporation
- the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas