ANTH 2414 Test 3
Test 3 review for anthropology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Fitness differences of behavior categories
- selfish, mutualistic, altruistic, spiteful
- Monophyletic group
- group where two groups share a common ancestor
- Preservation potential of bone
- depends on volume, composition, shape, and hydraulic behavior
- Primate evolutionary trends
- unspecialized post-cranial skeleton, pentadactyly (5 digits on feet and hands), nails & high sensitive tactile pads, flexible hands/feet (prehensibility), tendency towards upper body erectness, retention of the clavicle, teeth & diet
- Homologous derived traits
- characteristic found in more then one, but not all, descendent forms and not in the common ancestor
- Inclusive fitness
- success of relatives
- Phylogenic constraints
- limits on current behavior or traits due to patterns and trends in an organism's evolutionary past
- Sympatric
- different species sharing the same habitat
- Rafting theory of new world primates
- small pieces of land broke off with primates on them and floated from Africa and North America to South America
- Anagenesis
- straight line evolution can't use Biological species concept because organisms are not living at the same time
- Adoptive radiation
- mammals filling all the open niches that the dinosaurs left when they became extinct
- Cultural or "local" traditions
- some groups of chimps will clasp overhead while others won't
- Comparative primatology
- the study of our closest living relatives, the primates, for the purpose of understanding aspects of our own behavior
- Individual fitness
- individual success
- Sexual selection
- males are under more pressure to find mates. Males have secondary sex traits used for intimidation of other males
- Primates of modern aspect (adapoids, omomyoids)
- similar to lemurs/lorises
- Ecological Niche
- all the components in an environment with which an organism interacts
- Language
- open, productive, displacement, arbitrary
- Theories of primate evolution
- arboreal theory, angiosperm co-evolution theory (flowering plants), visual predation theory (adaptions for low light, insect foraging)
- Tooth and gut specializations
- Folivores (narrow incisors, sharp crests on molars, elongated intestines with large caecum complex, Frugivores (large incisors, low round cusps on molars) Insectivores (pointed, sharp premolar and molar cusps, short and simple gut)
- Haplorine Characteristics
- small ears, eyes in front, retinal phobia, single placental layer, long gestation, 1 pair of nipples, large body size,
- Relative dating methods
- Carbon 14, dendrochronology, potassium-argon dating, fission-track dating
- 5 Perspectives of behavior
- phylogeny, otogeny, proximate stimulus, behavior itself, function
- Primate conservation
- use sustainable development, use economic incentives, westerners should be more responsible (consumption)
- 5 areas of socioecological pressures
- Nutritional ecology, locomotion, predation, selfish herd concept, intraspecific competition
- Dental comb
- the incisors and canines on lower jaw that protrude outward for grooming
- The basal primates (Altialasius, Decoredon)
- first primates. Only teeth have been found
- Primitive traits
- characteristics found in an ancestor and all or most of it's decendents
- Temporal availability of food
- diurnal, nocturnal, cathemeral
- Cladogenesis
- Branching evolution. can use biological species concept
- Platyrrhine (New world monkeys)
- side facing nostrils, 3 premolars
- Kin selection theory
- behavior that favors family and others in close proximity
- Cladistics
- remaining primitive traits from equation because so many organisms have them, focus on derived or modified traits
- Punctuated equilibrium
- periods of stasis and then rapid change, most change occurring during speciation
- Different molar types
- tribosphenic, bilophodant, Y-5
- Traditional primate suborders
- prosimians (lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers) and anthropoids (new world and old world monkeys, apes, humans)
- Niche separation
- exploiting the same environment differently
- Mammalian characteristics
- can be monotremes, marsupial, or placental. Can have r or k selection or reproduction. Uses temperature regulation, heterodonic teeth, large brain
- Infanticide
- pathology or reproductive strategy to increase fitness of males in charge that are only there for a short time. Killing infants brings females back into estrus
- Recent primate suborders
- strepsirines and haplorhines
- Gradualism
- small changes over time. smooth and gradual
- Convergent evolution
- 2 different organisms with the same features due to similar environment
- Chordates
- have spinal chords
- Derived traits
- characteristics found only in one descendent branch and in the ancestral form
- Spacial availability of food
- clumped, evenly dispersed, randomly scattered, different sections of the canopy
- Prosimian Characteristics
- Big ears, scent glands for communication, eyes not completely in front, tapitur lucidum, fetus separated by 2 layers of tissue, low gestation, multiple nipples, small body size, tooth comb, infused mandible, grooming claw, wet nose
- Vertebrates
- have a backbone
- Diastemas
- gaps between teeth to receive the projecting canine of the opposite jaw
- Causes of speciation
- reproductive isolation, genetic divergence (mutations, genetic drift, natural selection)
- Taphonomy
- what happened from the time of death to when the fossil was found
- Earliest anthropoid (apidium, Aegyptopithecus)
- old world, and new world monkeys
- Affiliation
- cooperative behaviors, bond enhancing
- Spandrels
- byproducts of structural change
- Homologous traits
- similar structures (arm bones in whales, humans, and dogs)
- Sectoral lower first premolar
- a single cuspid premolar that forms a cutting, slicing complex with the cutting edge of the upper canine
- Process of fossilization
- only hard tissues fossilize. burial must be quick. Soil must be non-acidic
- Congeneric primates
- both species are found in the same genus
- Importance of food for females
- more important due to gestation and lactation needing more energy
- Tool Use
- mostly used for food procurement
- Behavioral ecology
- the study of behavior from an ecological perspective
- Digestibility of food
- fruits and insects are easy, leaves need secculated stomach, more complex
- Agonism
- aggressive or combative "selfish" behaviors
- Dental formula
- using half of the upper and lower to indicate the number of each tooth a mammal has
- Mammalian subgroups
- monotremes, marsupials, placentals
- Biological species concept
- reproductive capability-in the wild, if 2 organisms produce viable offspring that are in themselves fertile, then they are the same species
- Body size as a predictor of diet
- small size can easily survive on fruits and insects. larger body size needs higher bulk of food
- Evolutionary systematics
- overall similarity in homologous traits
- r-selection
- species with high productive rates, little parental investment, fast development, high mortality rate, and small belly size
- Outgroup
- related organism to groups you are looking at
- Dominance
- status of individuals
- k-selection
- low productive rate, high parental investment, slow development, low mortality rates, and large body size
- Homoplastic (analogous) traits
- dissimilar structures used for the same purpose (butterfly and bat wings)
- Paleospecies
- species that is now extinct
- Catarrhine (Old world monkeys)
- down facing nostrils, 2 premolars
- Extinctions
- average life span of a species is 4 million years, more then 99% of all species that ever existed are extinct. Worst happened 250 millions years ago
- Food properties
- fruit (high energy, easy to digest, sporadic, not reliable) leaves (easily available, high protein, hard to chew/digest due to cellulose and toxins), insects (high protein, high energy, easy to digest, not always easy to find or catch)
- Plesiadapiformes
- primate-like animals
- Altruism
- give up your needs for another. rb>c