Biology Cambell ch 33
Terms
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- Annelids
- segmented worms
- alimentary canal
- A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
- amoebocyte
- An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia, found in most animals; depending on the species, may digest and distribute food, dispose of wastes, form skeletal fibers, fight infections, and change into other cell types.
- Bivalvia
- (clams and their relatives) have a hinged shell divided into two halves.
- book lung
- An organ of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
- Cephalopoda
- includes squids and octopuses, carnivores with beak–like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot.
- Cheliceriforms
- include spiders, ticks, and mites. They have an anterior cephalothorax and a posterior abdomen. The most anterior appendages are modified as chelicerae (either pincers or fangs).
- Class Anthozoa
- contains the sea anemones and corals, which occur only as polyps.
- Class Cestoda
- tapeworms, all of which are parasites and lack a digestive tract.
- Class Hydrozoa
- usually alternates polyp and medusa forms, although the polyp is more conspicuous.
- Class Polyplacophora
- composed of the chitons, oval–shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates.
- Class Scyphozoa
- jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle.
- Class Turbellaria
- made up of mostly free–living, primarily marine species.
- Cnidarians
- mainly marine carnivores possessing tentacles armed with cnidocytes that aid in defense and the capture of prey. Two body forms are sessile polyps and floating medusae.
- chelicera
- One of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of cheliceriforms.
- cheliceriform
- An arthropod that has chelicerae, and a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Living cheliceriforms include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, and spiders.
- choanocyte
- A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. Also called a collar cell, it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.
- class Gastropoda
- the snails and their relatives, possess a single, spiraled shell. Embryonic torsion of the body is a distinctive characteristic. Many slugs lack a shell or have a reduced shell.
- class Hirudinea
- bloodsucking parasites...leeches
- class Polychaeta
- possess paddle–like parapodia that function as gills and aid in locomotion.
- cnidocyte
- A specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; contains a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture.
- decapod
- A member of the group of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimps.
- Echinoderms
- (sea stars and their relatives) have a water vascular system ending in tube feet used for locomotion and feeding. The radial anatomy of many species evolved secondarily from the bilateral symmetry of ancestors. A thin, bumpy, or spiny skin covers a calcareous endo–skeleton.
- exoskeleton
- A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
- Flatworms
- dorsoventrally flattened animals with a gastrovascular cavity.
- General Characteristics of Arthropods
- Variation in arthropod morphology consists mainly in specializations of groups of segments and in appendages. The arthropod exoskeleton, made of protein and chitin, undergoes regular ecdysis (molting).
- gastrovascular cavity
- An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal’s body.
- hermaphrodite
- An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
- Insects
- exceed all other animals combined in species diversity. Flight has been an important factor in the success of this group
- Lophophorates
- coelomates that have a lophophore, a horseshoe–shaped, suspension–feeding organ bearing ciliated tentacles.
- Molluscs
- have a muscular foot, a visceral mass, and a mantle
- Myriapods
- Millipedes are wormlike, with a large number of walking legs. They were among the first animals to live on land. Centipedes are terrestrial carnivores with poison claws.
- mantle cavity
- A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusc.
- medusa
- The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the polyp.
- mesohyl
- A gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge.
- Nematodes
- nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by a tough cuticle. whip-like motion due to longitudinal muscles only
- Nemerteans
- have a unique retractable tube (proboscis) used for defense and prey capture. A fluid–filled sac is used to extend the proboscis.
- nematocyst
- A stinging, capsule-like organelle in a cnidocyte.
- Oligochaeta
- includes earthworms and various aquatic species.
- open circulatory system
- A circulatory system in which fluid called hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
- osculum
- A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment.
- parthenogenesis
- A type of reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.
- planarian
- A free-living flatworm found in unpolluted ponds and streams.
- polyp
- The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa.
- Rotifers
- Found mainly in fresh water, many rotifer species are parthenogenetic.
- radula
- A straplike rasping organ used by many molluscs during feeding.
- Sponges
- lack true tissues and organs. They suspension feed by drawing water through pores; choanocytes (flagellated collar cells) ingest suspended food.
- spongocoel
- The central cavity of a sponge.
- suspension feeder
- An aquatic animal, such as a clam or a baleen whale, that sifts small food particles from the water.
- Trematoda
- live as parasites in or on animals...Flukes
- trilobite
- An extinct arthropod with pronounced segmentation and appendages that varied little from segment to segment.
- trochophore larva
- Distinctive larval stage observed in certain invertebrates, including some annelids and molluscs.
- tube foot
- One of numerous extensions of an echinoderm’s water vascular system. Tube feet function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
- visceral mass
- One of the three main parts of a mollusc, containing most of the internal organs.
- water vascular system
- A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
- mantle
- A fold of tissue in molluscs that drapes over the visceral mass and may secrete a shell.
- torsion
- A characteristic of gastropods in which the visceral mass rotates during development.
- arthropod
- A segmented coelomate with a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments.
- molting
- A process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton.
- crustacean
- A member of a subphylum of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles
- isopod
- A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice.
- copepod
- Any of a group of small crustaceans that are important members of marine and freshwater plankton communities.