Zoology, 2nd test

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zoology acc ziser

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be able to identify on Scyphozoa (jellyfish): oral arms, mouth, stomach, gonads, rhopalium
types of cells in cnidaria gastrodermis: nutritive-muscular cells
Cestoda: class of flatworms; all are parasitic; endoparasites in intestine; bud long chains of proglottids; tapeworms; eg. Taenia
nematode ecological impact: major; decomposition, parasites, recyle nutrients; can cause crop damage; can infect animals; virtually every human is host to some
auricles (flatworms): earlike portion of the head of a planarian, bear sensory cells, tactile and olfactory in function rather than auditory
gonopore: the opening at the distal end of gonangia through which young medusae escape
leuconoid: most complex; generally larger colonial forms; each mass has its own osculum; incurrent and excurrent canals
sexual reproduction (sponges): regeneration; asexual buds (may break off or remain attached to form colony); gemmules (dormant masses of encapsulated cells usually produced during harsh conditions)
Cell Types (sponges): Choanocytes; (only one we covered in class)
perisarc: a thin, transparent, protective layer secreted by the epidermis of an Obelia that encases the entire colony
scolex: the head of a tapeworm, which has hooks and suckers to adhere to the host's tissues
do sponges have resp, excretory systems?: no. take in O2 and get rid of wastes and CO2 by simple diffusion
tentacles: arm like extensions from the body that are used to catch food and bring it into the mouth
stinging cells: (cnidocytes) capsules with coiled trigger-like structures that help cnidarians capture food
tapeworm life cycle: egg - cysticercus (bladder worm) - adult
scyphistoma: when the planula larva escapes from the parent and attaches to a substratum, it develops into tiny polyps called this
mouth: usually at the base of the tentacles
3 true tissue layers of flatworms: ectoderm becomes epidermis; mesoderm becomes parenchyma; endoderm becomes gastrodermis
General Characteristics of Sponges: 1. an ancient group with abundant fossil record; 2. all are aquatic; 3. most range from <1/2 inch to over 3 feet tall, some are radially symmetrical, most are asymmetrical; 4. most are colonial; 5. sessile (non motile) , filter feeders but larvae are free swimming (motile); 6. still very simple in structure
Turbellaria: class of flatworms; planarians; ventral mouth; locomotion by creeping on cilia and mucous; free living, mostly aquatic; eg. Dugesia, Bipalium
colonial cnidaria: a single colony can have hundreds of individuals that are clones, may have polyps specialized for feeding or reproduction
mesoglea: a gelatinous (jelly-like) layer between the epidermis & gastrodermis
bilateral symmetry: can be divided into right and left halves that are a mirror image of each other
Obelia: a Hydrozoan, we looked at preserved colonies, includes both polyp and medusa stages on the colony (nutritive polyps called hydranths and reproductive polyps called gonangia
gland cells: on a hydra, they secrete mucus onto the body surface, particularly around the mouth and basal disc
tentacles (sea anemone): conical, surround the mouth of a sea anemone, used to capture food
silica: spicules often united to form a rigid network that looks like fiberglass (eg. Venus Flower Basket)
hydrocaulus: the main stem of an Obelia which gives rise to many lateral branches
ascaris reproductive system (male): from smallest part to largest: testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
what cnidaria don't have: no respiratory system, no head or brain, no anus
ostia: small openings or pores on sponges through which water is drawn into the sponge
cells types & characteristic structures of nematodes: epidermis usually syncytial & secreting a flexible cuticle; 3 true tissue layers; mesoderm forms longitudinal muscle layer lining the body wall w/ no muscle tissue associated w/ intestine; gastrodermal cells line intestine
Metridium: a Cnidarian Anthozoan, sea anemone, most are solitary and sessile and do not live in colonies, all polyps in form, no medusae, all marine
gonangia: club-shaped reproductive polyps that arise at the junction of the hydranth and coenosarc on an Obelia, produce medusa buds that break away to become free-swimming jellyfish
types of true tissues cnidaria have: epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea
reproduction in flatworms: many reproduce both sexually and asexually; Asexual fission (pinch in half); regeneration; budding; polyembryony (flukes); Sexual almost all flatworms are monoecious (hermaphrodites)
epidermis: outside tissue
mastax: set of jaws just inside the mouth of a rotifer, used to grind things; looks like a beating heart under the microscope
polymorphic: having more than one body form
pharynx (sea anemone): between the mouth and the gastrovascular cavity of a sea anemone, a lot like a throat
trigger: hairlike cnidocils involved in the discharge of the nematocyst
oral arms: 4 long troughlike arms that extend from around the mouth of a jellyfish and are used to collect food and move it into the mouth, also where young embryos develop into free swimming planula larva
gonotheca: a transparent extension of the perisarc that forms a protective cups around the gonangia on an Obelia
head (flatworms): triangular anterior portion of a planarian, bearing the eyes and auricles
eyes (flatworms): xxx
spongin: flexible protein fibers (collaginous) (eg. common commercial sponge and most sponges normally encountered on reefs)
asexual reproduction (sponges): some are monoecious, some are dioecious; sperm released into water, enter sponge and fertilize egg; larvae are free swimming
epidermis: outer layer of epithelium (ectoderm)
Rotifera: "to bear wheels"
gonads (jellyfish): horseshoe-shaped rings inside a jellyfish that lie within the gastric pouches (stomach area), produce sex cells that are released into the water
pseudocoelom: body cavity completely lined with mesodermal tissues
ephyra: young medusa of an Aurelia, layers resemble a stack of saucers
Phylum Cnidaria: jellyfish and corals
Choanocytes: = collar cells; each collar cell has a flagellum; surrounded by a sieve-like collar that acts as a strainer; used to: maintain current, trap food & take in nutrients (food is phagocytized); the flagellum beats to draw the water currents into the sponge and then to strain particles through the collar
septal filament (sea anemone): convoluted thickenings of the septa that bear nematocysts and glands that secrete digestive enzymes
types of cells in cnidaria epidermis: stinging cells (cnidocytes), epitheliomuscular cells, gland cells, interstitial cells
Aurelia: Cnidarian Scyphozoa medusa, "moon jelly", we saw a preserved one in a jar
Canal Systems (sponges): some sponges have one or more relatively large inner chamber = spongocoel or flagellated chambers where food is extracted from the water
Phylum Rotifera: mostly aquatic, esp. freshwater, some terrestrial; up to 2mm long, though some small ones are smaller than protists; lots of body shapes; some float, creep, swim; some colonial, have a 'head' w/ cilia that look like wheels rotating; tail end has a 'foot' w/ 2 'toes' that stick to things; carnivorous; jaws just inside mouth called 'mastax'; simple excretory & nervous systems; some are dioecious
hypostome: a conical structure at the oral end of a hydra that bears the mouth surrounded by tentacles
cephalization: An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body
earliest fossils: jellyfish
synconoid: derived from asconoid pattern; more branching; has incurrent canals and side passages; still have main spongocoel; single osculum
coenosarc: the inner protoplasmic part of an Obelia, a hollow tube composed of epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis that encloses the gastrovascular cavity that is continuous throughout the colony
Phylum Porifera: sponges
types of spicules: calcium carbonate; silica; spongin
acontia (sea anemone): long, white, delicate threads filled w/ nematocysts used for defense that shoot out through the mouth and body pores
hydranths: nutritive polyps on an Obelia
parenchyma tissue: xxx
flame cells: part of the excretory system of flatworms; cupshaped area with tuft of flagella beat of flagella, resemble candle flame under microscope, wastes and excess water diffuse into bulb, flagella create current to send wastes through tube which opens to outside of the body
gastrovascular cavity: a cavity that serves both digestive and circulatory purposes in some cndarians
major classes of Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa
calcium carbonate: supportive needles or spikes that make up the structure of some sponges
classes of flatworms: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda, Monogenea (EC)
alternation of generations: both asexual & sexual reproduction; polyps and medusa body forms
Rotifer reproduction: some have males only a few weeks a year, in some species males are parasitic on the females, in some species there are only females who reproduce through parthenogenesis
EC Monogenea: class of flatworms, mostly external parasites of fish; eg. Protopolystoma
sponge feeding and digestion: all but a few are filter feeders; feed on detritus, plankton, bacteria; can also absorb dissolved nutrients from the water; digestion is all intracellular
mouth (jellyfish): square-shaped opening at the base of the oral arms, leads to the stomach
acoelomate: having no body cavity
body plan of sponges: body is a network of canals and passageways; water is pumped through these passageways and the animals filter nutrients from the water currents; openings are pores; not true mouth or anus
carnivorous: meat-eating
basal disc: organism's base, secretes a sticky substance that allows it to attach itself to surfaces
Phylum Nematoda: roundworms
how do cnidaria eat?: they grab food into their digestive sac, eat what they can, and then spit out what they don't eat
be able to identify on a Metridium: oral disc, basal disc, tentacles, mouth, pharynx, septum, septal filament, acontia, gastrovascular cavity
rhopalium: a sense organ on a jellyfish flanked on each side by a marginal extension, kind of like the spokes on an umbrella, looks very vulvic
cabbageheads: a type of Scyphozoa
stages in production of medusae in an Aurelia: scyphistoma, strobila, ephyra
Dugesia: type of flatworm, Turbellaria class, family planaria, general appearance of head, eyes, auricles
Scyphozoa: class of Cnidaria; most w/ polyp and medusa stage w/ medusa dominant; true jellyfish ex. Aurelia, Stomolophus
septum (sea anemone): primary ones divide the gastrovascular cavity into 6 radial chambers and extend from the oral to aboral discs, connecting the body wall to the pharynx, their inner degree are free in the GVC; smaller incomplete ones extend varying distances from the body wall into the GVS
Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Hydrozoa: class of Cnidaria; most with both polyp and medusa stage w/ polyp dominant; many colonial; ex. Hydra, Obelia, Pennaria
ascaris (transverse section): cuticle, epidermis, longitudinal muscles, pseudocoel, excretory canals, intestine; (female) uteri, oviducts, ovaries; (male) testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle
planula: characteristic larval form of phylum cnidaria
nutritive-muscular cells: found in the gastrodermis of a cnidaria, ciliated, columnar, where intracellular digestion occurs
organs & organ systems of flatworms: digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive
buds: part of asexual reproduction, a part of the body wall grows out as a hollow outgrowth that lengthens and develops tentacles and a mouth at its distal end, eventually constricts at its basal end and breaks off from the parent
do sponges have nervous system or sense organs?: no. does produce some hormones for chemical control
ascaris reproductive system (female): from smallest part to largest: ovaries, oviducts, uteri
mouth (sea anemone): in the center of the oral disc, surrounded by tentacles, leads to the pharynx
Physalia: Portugese Man-of-War, colonial hydroid made up of specialized individuals - some make up the floating balloon part, some are nutritive tentacles, some are stinging tentacles, some are reproductive
Hydra: Cnidaria Hydrozoan, we observed startle reactions with dissecting scope, some in class treated them w/ acid to observe the firing of their nematocysts, tentacles look like strings made of tiny white bubbles
circular muscle layers (flatworms): run around the body wall of a flatworm
proglottids: segments that make up the tapeworms body that break off and burst releasing embryos
EC Sea Walnuts: small, brown creatures that look sort of like walnuts (yeah, i know that's kind of a lame description)
Trematoda: class of flatworms; all are parasitic; parasites in blood or digestive system; up to 5 developmental stages in 2 or more hosts; parasitic liver and blood flukes; eg. Clonorchis
be able to identify on Obelia: hydranths, gonangia, hydrotheca, gonotheca, hydrocaulus, coenosarc, perisarc, mouth, tentacles, gonopore
oral disc (sea anemone): the free end of a sea anemone with numerous conical tentacles and a mouth in the center
organ systems that flatworms DO NOT have: skeletal, circulatory, respiratory
longitudinal muscle layers (flatworms): run the length of a flatworm
fluke life cycle: egg - miracidium - sporocyst - redia - cercaria - adult
general characterisitis of Cnidaria: 1. a very ancient group with lots of fossil representatives; 2. all are aquatic; 3. often beautiful and graceful "plant-like" or "flowerlike" forms with radial symmetry, many are colonial; 4. tissue level of organization; 5. only a few very simple organs; 6. all are carnivores; 7. most members show polymorphism with an alternation between forms
epitheliomuscular cells: medium-size cells with darkly stained nuclei that cover the body of a hydra and are used for muscular contraction
medusa: umbrella-like body form with tentacles around the edges, floats on the current
identify on ascaris: spicules, mouth, lips, anus, vulva, cuticle, lateral line, (internal) pseudocoel, excretory canals, pharynx, intestine, (female) vagina, uteri, oviducts, ovaries; (male) ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, testis
nematocyst: stinging structures within each cnidocyte of a cnidaria that is used to poison or kill prey.
basal disc (sea anemone): aboral end of a sea anemone that attaches it to a solid object by means of its glandular secretions, animal can slowly glide on it
oldest members of phylum cnidaria: some members are thousands of years old - sea anemones, corals, jellyfish
types of sponge canal systems: asconoid, syconoid; leuconoid
Anthozoa: class of Cnidaria; polyp stage only; many colonial; calcium carbonate exoskeleton; ex. Metridium, hard and soft corals, "flower animals"
body organization of nematodes: round, nonsegmented, tubular body tapering at both ends; no distinct head apparent; characteristic 'S' like movements as longitudinal muscles in body wall work against the hydrostatic skeleton; presence of a body cavity & a complete digestive tract creates 'tube within a tube' body design; strong muscular pharynx is not eversible
sponge Reproduction & Development: reproduce both sexually and asexually
polyp: tubular body; usually sessile - though some can move; upward facing mouth surrounded by tentacles
gastrovascular cavity (sea anemone): column in the center of a sea anemone, where digestion occurs
stomach (jellyfish): mouth opens into a short gullet that leads into the stomach from which 4 gastric pouches extend
oscula: larger openings or pores on sponges through which water is pushed out of the organism
cell types & characteristic structures of flatworms: epidermis, parenchyma tissue, gastrodermis, flame cells, circular and longitudinal muscle layers
interstitial cells: on a hydra, found at the bases of the epitheliomuscular cells, are small, dark embryonic cells that can transform into the other kinds of cells when needed
medusa as sexual stage of an Obelia: medusa are formed in the gonangia, escape through the gonopore, medusa are dioecious and discharge either eggs or sperm into the water where fertilization occurs; zygotes develops into planula larva which attach to something and grow into Obelia colonies
gastrodermis: endoderm, digestive lining of the gastrovacular cavity
identify on rotifer: corona, foot, mastax, digestive tract, reproductive tract
general characteristics of nematodes: 1 small & found all over the world; 2 free-living & parasitic worms 3 elongated cylindrical body tapered at both ends; 4 have 3 embryonic tissue layers; 5 body cavity is pseudocoelom that serves as a hydroskeleton; 6 external nonliving cuticle excreted by epidermis; 7 body wall has longitudinal muscle layer; 8 complete digestive tract w/ mouth & anus; 9 main flexing organ is a muscular pharynx; simple excretory system, no circulatory or respiratory systems; 10 simple nervous system w/ ganglia & nerve cords; 11 dioecious, no larval stage; 12 exhibits eutely (# of cells is constant in each species); 13 hard to tell head from tail w/o microscope; 14 b/c of arrangement of muscles, can only move in certain ways;
EC Phylum Ctenophora: Comb Jellies
classification of nematodes: a very large, yet poorly known, phylum in which the taxonomy has not been clearly worked out
gastrodermis: lining of the digestive system
spicules: sponges maintain their shape and keep pores and canals open by supporting structures
Ascaris: parasitic roundworm, 10-12 inches long, we dissected them
general characteristics of flatworms: 1. more specialization and division of labor among greater variety of tissues and organs; 2. have three true tissue layers (primary germ layers) = triploblastic; 3. acoelomate = no body cavity around digestive system; 4. organ systems are better developed; 5. bilateral symmetry; 6. flattened, slender, ribbonlike or leaflike bodies; 7. beginnings of cephalization ie. at least some members have distinct head with concentration of sense organs, pair of brainlike ganglia; 8. only major phylum that is mostly parasitic species; 9. few mm to many meters long
strobila: scyphistoma becomes this which begin to bud off young medusa
hydrotheca: a transparent extension of the perisarc that forms a protective cup around the hydranth on an Obelia
asconoid: simplest type; small tube shaped sponges; large central cavity = spongocoel; in via ostia; out through osculum
types of body forms cnidaria have: polyp & medusa
be able to identify on Hydra: basal disc, tentacles, body, hypostome, mouth, buds, gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea

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Number of cards 145