Bio Chapter 6 2
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- Describe structural protiens.
-
-Maintain cell shape
-Internal/External support
-Specialized functions: protection, insulation, locomotion, defense - What does a cytoskeleton do?
- Forms fibrous structure from protein subunits and provides structural organization and cell motility.
- What are the fiborous protein structures that makes up the cytoplasm?
- Microfilament, microtubule, and intermediate filaments
- What does collagen form?
- bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons
- What happens when a bone is fossilized?
- proteins are replaced with minerals.
- How do proteins provide movement?
- muscle contractions relsult by sliding thin and thick protein filaments. The sliding action is powered by ATP.
- What is cellular metabolism?
- Chemical reactions that occur in the cell. They are catalyzed by enzymes.
- What is the process of biological catalysts?
-
1. Each enzyme binds to specific subtrates.
2. Substrates are optimally aligned for the reaction to occur.
3. The enzyme releases the product and is ready for action again. - All enzymes are ________.
- Proteins (only a few exceptions.)
- How many enzymes does human cells have?
- 30,000
- Do enzymes change in their reactions?
- No, they remain unchanged.
- What are some things that can affect how an enzyme works?
- Temperature, pH, and salt concentration.
- What does the active site of an enzyme bind?
- A substrate.
- Name some functions of enzymes.
-
-Digestion, synthesis, and energy conversion.
-Regulation of biochemical reactions
-Destroying invading organisms. - What are proteins the products of?
- Genes
- How many amino acids are there?
- 20
- What does the structure of proteins depend on?
- The sequence of amino acids.
- What is mutation?
- A change in the DNA sequence.
- What are the function of red blood cells?
- To carry oxygen to tissue and they contain hemoglobin.
- What is oxygen carried by?
- hemoglobin
- Proteins make up what percentage of dry weight in animals?
- 50%
- Who is Dr. James Herrick?
- He discovered sickle cell anemia in 1910
- Plasma is composed of what?
- 16%-63% composed mainly of water and plasma proteins
- What are formed elements composed of?
- 37%-54% composed mainly of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
- Amino acids are the subunits or monomers of a:
- protein.
- A spider web is an example of a protein involved in:
- structure.
- The primary function of hemoglobin in the human body is to transport:
- oxygen.
- In hemoglobin, what is the metal ion that interacts with a hydrogen atom in order to accomplish the function of transporting oxygen?
- iron
- What is anemia?
- An insufficient number of red blood cells.
- Are covalent bonds stronger or weaker than noncovalent bonds?
- Stronger
- Amino acids link together to form:
- polypeptide chains
- What is the binding site on an enzyme for a specific substrate called?
- active site
- What do tendons and ligaments gain strength from?
- collagen fibers
- What does the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids during protein synthesis occur by?
- a condensation reaction
- What's the difference between hemoglobin S found in individuals with sickle cell anemia and normal hemoglobin A?
-
-The amino acid sequences differ by one amino acid
-they have a different charge
-when there are deoxygenated HbS forms a fibrous precipitate while HbA remains soluable. - What is an enzyme that digests proteins called?
- protease
- The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain that gives a protein its function is determined by the:
- amino acid sequence
- What is an enzyme?
- A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process.
- What are seven functions of protein?
-
Enzymatic
Defense
Transport
Storage
Structural
Contraction
Communication - What is blood composed of?
- About 55 percent of the blood is composed of plasma. The rest of the blood is made of three major types of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- What causes Malaria?
- it is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
- What can trigger sickle cell attacks?
- The lowering of oxygen tension, either in the externam environment of in the local tissue environment, as a result of inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
- What causes sickle cell anemia?
- A structural change in the hemoglobin proteins, triggered by a reduction in oxygen tension.
- What is the name of the protein that transports iron?
- transferrin