Human Anatomy Chapter 9
Terms
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- What is the simplistic definition of a joint?
- An articulation (joining) of any two or more bones.
- What are the three joint classifications?
-
Fibrous
Cartillage
Synovial -
Fibrous joints
-Joint cavity?
-strength
- mobility -
NO joint cavity
Very strong
Bones connected by fibrous joints ussually DO NOT move. -
Cartillage joints
-Joint cavity?
-strength
- mobility -
No joint cavity
not as strong as fibrous
(trade-off) Some movement -
Synovial joints
-Joint cavity?
-strength
- mobility -
A joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Not very strong
VERY MOVEable. - Synovial joints are often called
- "True joints"
- Which of the three classes of joints is the strongest? most moveable?
- Fibrous; Synovial
-
Sutures
-part of what structural class
-part of what functional class
-found where
-fibrous tissue is continuous with -
Fibrous joint
Synarthrosis
the bones of the skull in infants
The periosteum of bones. -
Syndesmoses
-Bones are connected by...
-examples (2)
-functional class -
interosseus ligaments.
1.) distal tibia and fibula connection
2.) distal radial and ulnar connection
Synarthrosis in some cases and amphiarthrosis in others. - What determines how much movement is allowed within the structural class syndesmoses?
-
Short fibers (tib/fib)- little movement (synarthrosis)
Long fibers- more movement (amphiarthrosis) - What are the three types of joints within the structural class of Fibrous joints?
- Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
- What are the two types of joints within the structural class of CARTILAGINOUS joints?
- Synchondroses and Symphysis
- What are the six types of joints within the structural class of synovial joints?
-
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid
Saddle
ball and socket -
Gomphoses
-Part of what structural class
-Part of what functional class
-connective tissue
-example -
Fibrous
Synarthrosis
Periodontal ligament
the articulation of the tooth with its socket. -
Synchondroses
-part of what structural class
-part of what functional class
-connecting ligament?
-2 examples -
Cartilaginous
Synarthrosis
Hyaline Cartilage
Epiphyseal plates of bones, and the first ribs connection to the manubrium of the sternum. -
Symphyses
-part of what structural class
-part of what functional class
- connecting ligaments?
-examples -
Cartaliginous
Amphothrosis
fibrocartilage
intevetebral discs and the symphysis pubis. - Synovial joints all have 6 general structures.
-
1.) Articular cartilage
2.) synovial cavity
3.) Articular capsule
4.) Synovial fluid
5.) Reinforcing ligaments
6.) Nerves and vessels. - the articular cartilage on synovial joints are actually ____________________ that is found
- Hyaline cartilage; on the ends of the bones to protect the ends from being crushed against eachother.
- Synovial cavities of synovial joints are filled with
- synovial fluid.
- The articular capsule of synovial joints have outer and inner layers. The outer layer is called the _______________ while the inner layer is called the ____________.
- fibrous capsule; synovial membrane
- What is the prupose of the fibrous capsule?
- tough material that keeps the bones from seperating.
- What is the function of the synovial membane?
- lining the joint capsule and making synvoial fluid.
- Synovial fluid
- viscous lubricating fluid that is made of blood filtrate/
- what is the function of reinforcing ligaments?
-
to strenghten and reinforce the joint.
The ligaments can be either extracapsular (tibia/fibia joint) or intracapsular (ACL, PCL) - What is the function of the nerves and vessels in synovial joints?
- Blood is required to make the synovial fluid. Nerves are required to monitor joint stretching.
- 3 other important joints
-
articular disc (fibrocartilage)
Bursae
Tendon Sheath -
Articular disk
-made up of what
- found where
- example -
Extra cartilage (fibrocartilage) that surrounds areas of high stress.
KNEES -
Bursae
-made up of
- found where - small synovial fluid filled sacs between bone and tendon or muscle. Found in and around other synovial joints.
-
Tendon sheath
-function
-allows tendon to..
-example
-ailment here is called -
holds tendons against bones lined with synovial fluid.
allows tendon to slide without irritation
bicepital groove
carpel tunnel syndrome. - the six types of synovial joints are named for the shape of ____________________ and ____________________.
- the shape of their articulating surfaces; and the movements they permit.
- synovial joints that allow bones to shear past eachother are termed
- nonaxial
- Synovial joints which allow joints to move in one plane (flexion/extension) are called
- uniaxial
- Synovial joints which allow moves in two planes (flexion/extension and adduction/abduction) are called
- biaxial
- synovial joints which allow movement in nearly all directions are called
- triaxial
-
Plane synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
nonaxial
flat
intercarpals/intertarsals (slide past eachother (like waving)) -
Hinge synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
Uniaxial
Concave/Convex
Elbow and thumb (NOT KNEE) -
Pivot synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
Uniaxial
Rounded/Depression
C1/C2 and Radioulnar -
Condyloid synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
Biaxial
Concave/Convex
MCP- Metacarpylpharyngeal joints (pointer finger- flex/extend and ab/adduct) -
Saddle synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
Biaxial
Concave/Convex
Carpometacarpal joint (thumb) -
Ball and socket synovial joints
Movement:
Shape of bones:
Example: -
Triaxial
Rounded convex
Hip and Shoulders - Movements at synovial joints
-
Flexion/extension
Abduct/adduct
rotation- medial or lateral
circumduction- tracing out a cone-shaped volume - know the following special movements.
-
suppination/pronation
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
inversion/eversion (ankle)
protraction/retraction (mandible)
elevation/depression (mandible)
opposition - Factors that influence stability of synovial joints
-
Articular surface- restricts movements that would otherwise cause dislocation.
Ligaments- hold the bones at articulating surfaces together to prevent excessive or injurious movement.
Muscle tone- muscles send constant contractile force even when not moving the bone. Thus they also keep the bones together like ligaments. -
Temporomandibular joint
--bones the joint articulates
- made up of what 2 kinds of joints
- also contains 1 special joint -
Mandible and temporal bone
Hinge and sliding synovial joints
also contains an articulating disk (meniscus) which divides the superior and inferior synovial cavity - what is the function of the superior synovial cavity? inferior?
-
Superior- allows the joint to work as a hinge.
Inferior- once the mouth is open allows the mandible to be projected anteriorally. - what bone is the easiest to dislocate?
- the temporomandibular joint
- What is tempromandibular disorder?
- a disorder where there is frequent dislocation of the jaw.
- what interesting fact do we need to know about the masseter?
- the masetter is the strongest muscle in the body (per cross sectional area)
-
Sternoclavicular joint
-made up of what types of synovial joint?
-contains what special joint
-why is this joint so important?
- strength of the joint
-movement of the joint -
gliding or (plane) joint
Artucular disc (meniscus)
the only bony attachment for the upper exremity
Very strong blows ussually cause fracture of the clavicle before dislocation.
Wide range of motion. -
Acromioclavicular joint
-articulates what two bones
-what kind of synovial joint
-what common injury occurs here? -
Acromion process and clavicle
Plane (gliding)
shoulder seperation -
Shoulder seperations
-Grade 1
-Grade 2
-Grade 3 -
1: stretching of coracoclavicular ligament
2: tearing one or the other (AC or CC)
3: tearing both and displacement of the clavicle. -
Glenohumeral joint
-Bones articulated:
-what class of synovial joint-
-stability/motion
- SITS muscles -
glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humerus
ball and socket joint
not very stable and therefore allows for a WIDE-RANGE of motion.
Rotator cuff muscles that hold the head of the hemur in the glenoid fossa. - In what position is your shoulder at greatest risk for seperation or dislocation?
- when it is externally rotated and abducted. (throwing a football)
-
To be clear.
A shoulder SEPERATION occurs at what joint?
A shoulder dislocation occurs at what joint? -
Acromioclavicular
glenohumoral - How is a dislocated glenohumoral joint fixed?
- USE TRACTION. The dislocated humerus is pulled further out of place and the body pulls the arm back into place.
-
Hip joint
-articulates what bones
- what synovial joint
- range of motion
-why are dislocations rare? -
acetabulum of the hip and the head of the femur.
ball and socket
wide-range but less than glenohumoral joint
because the acetabulum is very deep and it is very difficult to dislocate the femur that much. - what three ligaments make up the joint capsule
-
illiofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubofemoral - What is the chicken or the egg question about hip replacements?
- Not sure if falling caused the hip to dislocate or if the fall was a result of the hip dislocating.
- On average, how long does a hip replacement last?
- 15-20 years.
-
Knee joint
-what bones does it articulate
-what kind of joint
-what structures help stabilize the joint? -
femur with the tibia, fibula and patella
MODIFIED HINGE- allows flexion and extension (but also rotation from the flex position.)
-4 ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL) and 2 meniscus (lateral and medial) also patellar ligament. - ACL and injury
-
Anterior Cruciate ligament is the most commonly injured knee ligament.
1 skier has one olympic gold since 1970 without tearing his ACL.
Flag football -
Knee ligament replacements last about...
In comparison to hip replacements how do they fare? -
15 - 20 years
not as good as hip replacements. - on average how many knee replacements are done?
- 200,000 per year
-
Ankle joint
-articulates
-what kind of joint? -
tibia and fibula with Talus
Hinge - What ligaments stabilize the ankle joint on the lateral side? medial side?
-
Medial:
-deltoid ligament
Lateral:
-anterior talofibular
-Calcaneofibular
-Posterior talofibular - What ligaments torn cause a first degree spain? second degree sprain?
-
1st degree- anterior talofibular
2nd degree- calcaneofibular - 90% of ankle sprains are
- lateral ankle sprains. very difficult to sprain your ankle by internally rotating.
- What is bursitis?
- inflamation of the bursa. ussually from blow or from commonplace resting on a knee or elbow. (houssemaids knee or student's elbow)
-
Osteoarthritis
-aka DJD
- what % of americans develop it
-crepitus
-treatments -
degenerative joint disesase
85%
noisy joints
capsaicin- hot-pepper like
glucosamine -
Rheumatoid Arthritis
-definition - A chronic inflammatory disorder (Autoimmune disorder)