Psych Module 25
Terms
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- What is intelligence?
- The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
- General Intelligence (g)
- Underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test A common skill set that underlies all of our intelligent behavior Spearman
- Factor analysis
- A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items
- Savant syndrome
- People who score low on intelligence tests but have an area of genius
- Gardener argues that...
- We don't have an intelligence, but rather multiple, relatively independent intelligences
- The eight intelligences
- 1. Linguistic- T.S. Elliot 2. Logistical-mathematical --> Einstein 3. Musical--> Beethoven 4. Spatial-->Picasso 5. Bodily-kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal (self) --> Freud 7. Interpersonal (other people) --> Gandhi 8. Naturalist --> Darwin
- Why is a general intelligence score not accurate?
- It does not give specific information
- Triarch Theory of Three Intelligences
- 1. Analytical (academic problem solving) intelligence 2. Creative intelligence 3. Practical intelligence
- Creativity
- The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
- Convergent thinking
- Used to figure out a single, correct answer Damaged by injury to left parietal lobe
- Divergent thinking
- Creativity tests Example: how many uses are there for a brick?
- Damage to the _____ lobes can leave reading, writing, and math skills intact but destroy imagination
- Frontal
- Five components of creativity beyond a minimal level of aptitude
- 1. Expertise: a well-developed base of knowledge 2. Imaginative thinking skills: ability to see things in novel ways 3. A venturesome personality: seeks new experiences and takes risks 4. Self motivated 5. A creative environment
- Emotional intelligence
- The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
- An emotional intelligence test assesses how people...
- 1. Perceive emotions (recognize them in faces, music, stories) 2. Understand emotions (predict how they change and blend) 3. Manage emotions (know how to express them) 4. Use emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking
- Emotionally intelligent people are _____ self aware
- More
- Brain damage can ______ emotional intelligence
- Diminish
- The first IQ test
- Alfred Binet Predicting school achievement in France Measured mental age
- Stanford-Binet
- Widely used American revision of Binet's test
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- Defined originally as ration of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100 On contemporary tests, average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
- IQ=
- IQ=ma/ca x 100
- Wechsle Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Most widely used intelligence test Contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
- What is a contemporary IQ test average based on?
- The average for an age group is given a score of 100
- Aptitude
- Capacity to learn
- Achievement
- What has already been learned
- Three things that an intelligence test must be:
- 1. Standardized 2. Reliable 3. Valid
- Standardization:
- Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pre-tested standardized group
- Normal curve
- Bell curve that describes the distribution
- Reliability
- The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
- Ways to see if a test is reliable
- 1. Look at consistency between two halves of the test 2. How do people do on alternate forms of the test? 3. How do people do on retesting?
- Validity:
- The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to
- Content validity:
- The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest Example: A driving test measuring driving ability
- Predictive validity:
- The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict Assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
- Twin and Adoption studies show...
- Identical twins score very similarly on intelligence tests. They have similar gray matter volume Fraternal twins score similarly, not because of genes, but because of a similar environment
- Heritability
- The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
- How much of the variation in in intelligence is attributed to genes?
- 50%
- As environmental variation decreases, heritability will _____
- Increase Example: genes play more of a roll in groups where everyone has the most possible advantages
- Orphans who do not have much human interaction become...
- Developmentally slow
- Among poor, ______ conditions can override _______ differences
- Environmental conditions can override genetic differences
- Head Start programs
- Helps children below poverty level before they begin school
- Do racial groups differ in average scores on intelligence tests?
- Yes
- Individual differences within a race are much greater than...
- Differences between races
- Girls are better than boys at...
- Spelling Verbal ability Nonverbal memory (locating objects) Sensation Emotion-detecting
- Mathematically, females are better at
- Computation Ancestors needed to be able to locate edible plants
- Mathematically, males have better
- Spatial ability Helped ancestors trick prey and find their way home
- Our priorities are influenced by what?
- Biology and society
- A test is bias when
- It measures our developed abilities, which reflects education and experiences Example: Immigrants score lower because they cannot answer cultural questions
- Scientific Bias
- Does the test predict future behavior only for some groups of the test-takers? Example: If the SAT correctly predicted college achievement of women but not of men
- Stereotype Threat
- A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype Example: Telling students they won't succeed will decrease performance
- THe g factor
- A common skill set that underlies all of our intelligent behavior Spearman Disputed
- Flynne Effect
- IQ is rising over time, Standards for retardation are getting higher
- Mental Retardation
- IQ of 70 or below
- Downs Syndrome
- Retardation associated with physical disorders Extra 21st chromosome
- Identical twins raised apart
- Less similarity in intelligence than identical twins raised together More similarity than fraternal twins raised together Shows genes could make up 70% of our intelligence