Human Anatomy by McKinley Ch.6
Terms
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- skeleton
- includes the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues
- chondroblasts
- cells that produce the matrix of cartilage
- chondrocytes
- chondroblasts that have been secreted into the matrix
- lacunae
- spaces in cartilage
- articulations
- joints
- perichondrium
- dense connective tissue covering hyaline cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
- most abundant, trachea, larynx, articular joint on bones, epiphyseal plates, fetal skeletan, transluscent, no visible collagen fibers
- fibrocartilage
- has an extracellular matrix with thick collagen fibers that help resist tensile and compressional forces, invertebral discs, knee
- elastic cartilage
- highly branched elastic fibers, ear
- interstitial growth
- cartilage growth from within
- appositional growth
- growth along the outside edge, or periphery
- bone (osseous) connective tissue
- primary component of bones
- calcification
- deposition of minerals in bone matrix which makes them hard
- hemopoiesis
- the process of blood cell production
- red bone marrow
- blood cells are produced in this connective tissue located in spongy bone
- yellow bone marrow
- as children get older, the red bone marrow turns into this fatty tissue
- long bones
- upper limb, lower limb
- short bones
- length nearly equal to width, writs and foot bones, kneww
- sesamoid bones
- tiny, seed shaped bones along the tendons of some muscle
- flat bones
- roof of skull, shoulder blades, sternum, ribs
- irregular bones
- vertebrae
- diaphysis
- shaft of long bones
- epiphysis
- knobby region at ends of long bones
- metaphysis
- region in a mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis
- medullary cavity
- hollow space inside bone
- endosteum
- incomplete cellular membrane that covers all internal surfaces of bone
- periosteum
- tough sheath that covers the outer surface of the bone
- osteoprogenitor cells
- stem cells derived from the mesenchyme, produce another stem cell and a "committed" cell that matures to an osteoblast
- osteoblasts
- cuboidal structure, secrete the initial semisolid form of bone matrix (osteoid)
- osteocytes
- mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts, reside in lucanae
- osteoclasts
- large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells, involved in bone resorption
- osteolysis
- release of the stored calcium and phosphate from the bone matrix
- hydroxyapatite
- crystals that deposit around collagen fibers that lead to hardening of the bone
- trabeculae
- open lattice of narrow plates of bone in spongy bone
- osteon
- cylindrical structure of mature compact bone
- perforating canals, circumferential lamellae, and interstitial lamellae
- see drawing on page 156
- intramembranous ossification
- mesenchyme is the source of bones is in the area of the future dermis, produces flat bones of skull, facial bones, collarbone
- woven bone, or primary bone
- newly formed bone connective tissue that is immature and not well organized
- lamellar bone
- secondary bone, compact and spongy bone form
- nutrient artery and nutrient vein
- supplies the diaphysis of a long bone
- metaphyseal blood vessels
- provide blood supply to the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, where new bone ossification forms
- periosteal blood vessels
- provide the blood to the superficial osteons within the compact bone at the external edge of the shaft
- molecules that affect bone maintenance and growth
- study table 6.1 on page 164
- classification of bone fractures
- study table 6.2 on page 167
- foramen
- hole or passageway
- condyle
- smooth, oval prominance
- osteopenia
- bones of the skeleton become thinner and wear because of age
- osteoporosis
- a condition characterized by reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function (more in women than in men)