Chemical Level
Terms
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- Matter exists in what three states?
- Solid, Liquid and Gas
- All forms of matter are made up of a limited number of building blocks called?
- Chemical Elements
- How many diffrent elements are normally present in your body?
- 26
- 96% of the body mass is made up of what major elements?
- Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen
-
What is a compound?
Give an Example - a substance that contains the atoms of two or more diffrent elements. H2O
- Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound are called?
- Chemical Bonds
- Name the three type of chemical bonds?
- ionic, covalent and hydrogen
- The forces that hold together opposite charges is what type of bond?
- Ionic
- This bond is the most common bond in the human body
- Covalent
- This is the weakest bond
- Hydrogen
- This bond shares electrons
- Covalent
-
Metabolism is the ____ of all
chemical processes in the body. - Sum
- Name the two principal forms of energy
-
Potential(stored) and Kinetic
(matter in motion) - Glucose is converted to ____ to be used as energy for the body.
- ATP
- Sythesis Reaction when two or more atoms are combined to form new and larger molecules In the body it is also called?
- Anabolism
- Decomposition reactions split up molecules into smaller atoms, ions or molecules. In the body it is called?
- Catabolism
- Inorganic compounds make up what percent of the human body?
- 60%
- Inorganic compounds ususlly lack _____ and are structurally ______.
- carbon, simple
- In the human body inorganic compounds include ____ and many _______, ______ and ______.
- water, salts, acids and bases
- Organic compounds always contain _______, usually contain _______ and always have ________ bonds.
- carbon, hydrogen, covalent
- In the human body organic compounds include: _____, ______, ________ and ______ _____.
- carbs., lipids, proteins and nucleic acid
- ________ is the most abundant and important inorganic compound.
- Water
- Name the four principle uses for water in the human body?
- It is a solvent, it is used as a medium in chemical reactions, it has a high heat capacity and it is a lubricant.
- What is a solvent?
-
In a solution the solvent dissolves another substance called a solute.
Ex:Sweat is a solution of water (solvent) plus small amounts os salts(solutes). - Solutes that dissolve easily are called? Give an example
-
hydrophilic
ex: sugar or salt - Solutes that are not water soluble are called? Give an example
-
hydrophobic
ex: animal fats and vegetable oils - When water is used as a chemical reaction in the body it is called?
- hydrolysis
- ______ is a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions.
- An acid
- _______is a substance that disassociates into one or more hyroxide ions.
- A base
- A _____, when dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H or OH
- salt
- A solutions acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the ___ ______.
- pH scale
- The pH scales range is from ___ to ____.
- 0, 14
-
A pH below 7 is ________.
A pH above 7 is ________. - acidic, base or alkaline
- What substance has a pH of 7?
- distilled water
- What monitors the pH level in the human body?
- RBC
-
Homeostasis is maintained with a Ph between ______ and
______. - 7.35, 7.45
- Name the two buffering systems in the human body that help to maintain homeostasis?
- renal, respiratory
- Organic compounds make up _____ of the human body.
- 40%
-
Carbohydrates include
______, ______, ______ and ______. - sugars, glycogen, starces and cellulose
- Name the elements founds in carbohydrates.
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- The three major groups of carbohydrates are?
-
monosaccharidies,
disaccharrides and polysaccarrides -
monosaccharidies and disaccharrides are known as
__________ __________. - simple sugars
- Polysaccarides are ________ in water and do not taste ________.
- insoluable, sweet
- The main polysaccharide in the body is _______.
- glycogen
- Glycogen is stored where?
- in the liver and skeletal muscles.
-
Starches and Cellulose are
______________. - polysaccharrides
- Carbohydates represent only _____ of your total body mass.
- 2-3%
- Cellulose cannot be ________ and is used for ________ .
- digested, elimination
-
Lipids make up ________ of
your total body mass. - 18-25%
- _______ are the most plentiful and most important lipids in the body.
- Triglycerides
-
Triglycerides consist of ____ ______ molecule and
______ ______ _____ molecules. - one glycerol, three fatty acid
- ___________ have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains attached to the first two carbons. They make up much of the membrane that surrounds each cell
- Phospholipids
- _______ have four rings of carbon atoms.
- Steroids
- In the body the most commonly encountered five types of steroids are:
- Cholesterol, sex hormones, cortisol, bile salts and vitamin d.
- _________ is a type of eicosanoid that causes pain.
- Prostaglandins
- There is no prostoglandins in ___ ___ ___ but it is located eveywhere else in the body.
- red blood cells
- Proteins make up ____ of the total body mass.
- 12-18%
-
Proteins are large molecules that contain ______, _______,
_______, and _________. - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
- _________ are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions.
- Enzymes
- One type of important protein in your body that produces antibodies is _______.
- plasma
-
Proteins break down to
_____ _____ - Amino Acids
-
The covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids is
called a ________ bond. - peptide
-
This forms the inherited
genetic material inside each
human cell - deoxyribonuclleic acid (DNA)
-
___________ _____ the second
type of nucleic acid, relays
instructions from the genes to
guide each cell's synthesis of
proteins from amino acids - Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Name the tree parts of the nucleotides of DNA
- Nitrogenous base, A Pentose sugar, A Phosphate group
-
Nitrogenous bases are _______,
________, __________ and
______________. - adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.
-
________ are larger double ring bases. They are
____________ and __________. - Purines, adenine and guanine
-
________ are smaller single ring bases. They are
____________ and __________. - Pyrimidines, thymine and cytosine
- Which bases always pair with one another?
-
adenine and thymine,
guanine and cytosine -
Any change that occurs in the base sequence of a DNA strand
is called a ___________. - mutation
- How do DNA and RNA differ?
- RNA is single stranded, the RNA nucleotide is the pentose ribose and RNA contains the pyrimidine base uracil instaed of thymine.
- When RNA makes a sample it uses _________ instead of thymine.
- uracil
- Two structures that need ATP are?
- the brain and heart
- What are the two phase of cellular respiration?
- Anaerobic and Aerobic
-
ATP is synthesized from ADP and the energy supplied by decomposition reactions,
particularly those of ________. - glucose