Science finals
Terms
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- Inquiry and discovery science
- asking questions to find answers
- control group
- the group that lacks the variable
- experimental group
- the group that contains the variable
- constants
- things that remain the same throughout the experiment
- hypothesis
- a testable educated guess about what is going to happen...has 3 parts....assumption, prediction, condition
- Theory
- a hypothesis that has been proven true many times...it can be changed, modified, or proven wrong
- Variable
- somethign you can change in an experiment
- Observation
- using your five senses to gather information
- dependent variable
- what is being measured
- independent variable
- how the groups are differnet
- quantitative Data
-
data in the form of numbers or exact measurments
Ex: it is 56 degrees outside - Qualitative Data
-
data in the form of observations using the 5 senses
Ex: the apple is large, or the apple is red - what is the correct form to write a hypothesis?
- if the _______affects______then _________will ___________compared to ______ with all other conditions being the same.
- what is the difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law?
-
hypothesis: something that is being tested
theory: has been tested many times and proven true
law: occurs all the time and is agreed upon by everyone - what are the basic characteristics of inquiry science?
- use observation to collect data to answer a question
- What are the levels of life?
- biosphere > ecosystem > community > organism > cell
- atom(element)
- pure substance that cannot be broken down any farther(simplist form of matter)
- compund
- two or more elements in a fixed ratio
- isotope
- different number of neutrons in the same type of atom
- Covalent bonding
- when two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons
- ionic bonding
- when two or more atoms bond by transferring electrons (gaining/losing)
- hydrogen bonding
- type of covalent bonding that involves water
- protons
- positive charged subatomic particles located inside the nucleus
- neutrons
- nuetral charged subatomic particles located inside the nucleus
- electron
- negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit around the nucleus in the electron cloud
- Atomic #
- tells you where on the periodic table the element is located and the number of protons in each atom
- molecules
- to or more atoms joined together in a compound
- Ion
- when an atom gains or loosses electrons it becomes an ion
- cation
- when an atom looses electrons and becomes positively charged
- anion
- when an atoms gains electrons and becomes negatively charged
- reactants
- on the left side of the equation. what is used to make the products
- products
- on the right side of the equation. what is produced
- polar
-
has a charge
Ex: water the hydrogen is slightly positive charge - non polar
- atom has no charge
- adhesion
- attraction between unlike molecules
- cohesion
- when the same type of molecule sticks together
- PH scale
- measures the level of acidity...goes from 0-14....7 is neutral
- Acid
- anywhere on the Ph scale from 0-6.999999999...the lower the number the stronger the acid
- Base
- anywhere ont he Ph scale between 7.0000001 and 14....the higher the number the stronger the base
- neutral
- a 7 on the Ph scale
- Solute
-
the substance being dissolved
Ex: kool-aid - Solvent
-
What the substance is being dissolved in
Ex: water - Solution
- uniform mixture that is the same without
- Aqueous solution
- a solution in which water in the solvent
- valence electrons
- the electrons on the outer ring
- How do u tell the # of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom?
-
protons-the atomic #
electrons-same as protons
neutrons-the mass # minus the atomic number - Organic molecule
- contains carbon(carbs and protiens)
- inorganic molecule
- they lack carbon(water and oxygen)
- carbohydrate
- provide feul and energy and serve as building materials...sugars.
- Glucose
- simple sugar (C6H12O6)...ratio of 1 to 2 to 1
- Monosaccharides
- smallest type of carb..small sugars such as glucose
- Disaccharides
- 2 monosaccharides(simple sugars)
- Polysaccharides
-
large chain of sugars
Ex: starch, glycogen, & cellulose(in plants) - Monomers
- small, simple units of molecules
- Polymers
- complex chains of many monomers
- Amino Acids
- the monomers of protiens
- polypeptides
- several amino acids linked together
- proteins
-
large molecules that
~serve as building material
~carry out chemical reactions
~pump small molecules
~aid in cell defence
they are polymers made of several polypeptides - Enzymes
- specific type of protien that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy..classified as catalysts
- catalyst
- something that speeds up reactions
- list the types of protiens from smallest to largest
- amino acids > polypeptides > protiens
- What affects the affectiveness of enzymes in a reaction
- Ph and temperature
- cell
- smallest unit of matter and life
- what are the three parts to the cell theory
-
~all living things are made of cells
~ cells are the basic unit of structure and function
~all cells come from other cells - prokaryotic
- smaller, less complicated, older, unicellular, bacteria
- Eukaryotic
- larger, multicellular, animals and plants
- unicellular
- prokaryotic simple, one cell
- Multicellular
- many cells working together
- organelle
- a small membrane bound structure that performs a specific function within the cell
- nucleus
- the control center for the cell..contains DNA inside the nucleolus
- ribosome
- produce the protiens
- cell membrane
- the outer boundary of the cell...controls what enters and exits
- cell wall
- outside the cell membrane...privides support....only in plant cells
- cytoplasm
- the gel like substance between the cell membrane and the nuclues containing the other organelles
- Chloroplasts
- in plant cells that perform photosynthesis
- ctyoskeleton
- helps with transportation and internal support
- mitochondria
- causes cellular respiration
- ATP
-
energy
adenosine triphosphate - Rough ER
- contains ribosomes..
- Lysosomes
- break down materials...contain digestive enzymes
- vesicle
- transports large materials in the cell
- phosphylipids
- make up the phospholipid bilayer the heads face the outside and the tails face the inside
- osmosis
- how water enters and exits the cell...goes from high to low..no energy needed
- Diffusion
- transport of small nonpolar materials...goes from high to low....no energy
- facilitated diffusion
-
diffusion through the protiens...high to low...no energy.....
ex: glucose - Active transport
-
molecules crossing the membrane... uses energy...low to high
ex: potassium ions - Endocytosis
- going in throuhg the vesicles
- Exocytosis
- going out of the cell through vesicles
- Hypertonic
- water exits the cell, cell shrivels
- Hypotonic
- water comes in the cell and the cell expands or explodes
- Equilibrium
- both sides of the membrane have equal ration of solute
- Homeostasis
- internal functioning of an organsim is at equaliblrium
- What organelles are used in protein prduction?
- DNA, Rough ER, risbosomes, vesicle, golgi bodies, cell membrane
- Coordinated unit
- organelles working together to allow the cell to work correctly
- Cellular respiration
- chemical process that converts energy into Co2 and ATP
- Glycolysis
- first stage of cellular respiration
- Krebs Cycle
- 2nd cycle in celllar respiration...releases energy
- ETC
- carries eletrons and releases energy during cellular respiration
- Cristae
- Cristae - etc occurs (curvy thing in mitochondria
- Matrix
- gel inside mitochorndira (krebs cycle)
- Aerobic
- requires oxygen, 38 ATP, (Gly, Krebs, ETC)
- Anaerobic
- doesn't require oxygen, 2 ATP, fermentation
- Autotroph
- producer, makes food from sun
- Heterotroph
- consumer, eats food
- Reactants and products of the 3 stages
-
Glycolisis- glucose= 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
Krebs- pyruvic acid= 4CO2 +2 ATP
ETC= hydrogen ions+oxygen= water + 34 ATP - Cellular Respiration Equation
-
oxygen+glucose=water+CO2+38 ATP
6O2+C6H12O6=6CO2+6H2O+38ATP - What does the human body do during anaerobic respiration?
- produces alot of lactic acid in the muscle that can be removed by oxygen
- Chlorophyl
- the pigment that traps light energy used in phtosynthesis
- thylakoid
- disc shaped structures that trap light and contain chlorophyll
- granum
- stacks of thylakoids
- photosynthesis
- process of changing light energy into chemical energy to be used in CR to feed autotrophs.
- Stroma
- the liquid portion of the chloroplats that contain ensyzmes
- Light reaction
- light + water = nadph + ATP + oxygen
- Dark Reaction
- nadph + ATP + CO2 = glucose
- how does respiration and photosynthesis work together?
- they use eachother's products as their reactants
- photosynthesis equation
- water + CO2 + light= glucose + oxygen
- meosis
- produces haploids sex cells
- cell plate
- turns into cell wall
- number of chromosomes in prophase equals _____
- last number of chromosomes produced in each cell.
- ______ acts as checkpoints
- proteins
- Cromatin
- strands of DNA during interphase
- Sister Chromatids
- a strand of DNA during mitosis
- Centromere
- the the point that connects the cromatid
- Spindle Fibers
- microtubules that help chromosomes split apart in cell division.
- haploid
- There is one where the cromatid makes a line because there is only one strand. 1n prokaryotic cells.
- diploid
- When there are two cromatid joined together. 2n in eukarytokic cells.
- cell cycle
- sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces.
- prophase
- chromatids form chromosomes, the nuclear membrane starts to disappear, spindle fibers start to form
- metaphase
- chromosomes line up at the equator of the nucleus, spindle fibers connect to each centromere
- Anaphase
- chromosomes split and are pulled toward the poles. Haploid, equal number of cromatids and chromosomes
- Telophase
- nuclear membrane reforms, equal number of chromosomes and cromatids in each new cell, haploid
- Cytokinesis
- two completely separate cells, no longer connected.
- G1
- cell grows in size first and longest step in interphase
- S
- (synthesis), the DNA replication occurs, cromatin double
- G2
- last stage in interphase, cromatin begin to pair up, cell prepares to divide
- how do prokaryotes reproduce?
- binary fission, the cell replicates dna then splits
- How do eukaryotes reproduce?
-
they go through the cell cycle:
interphase(g1,s,g2), mitosis,then cytokenisis - What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
-
sexual- when is two parents each give genetic information to the new cell.
asexual- one parent an exact copy - What is the importance of each step in the cell cycle?
-
G1-cell grows, 1 cromatin
S- cromatin double
G2- cromatin pair up
propase- make an X
metaphase- cromosomes align in the middle
anaphase-chromosomes split
telophase- cells start to separate
cytokinesis- two completely spearate cells - What are the parts of interphase?
-
G1- cell grows
S-cromatin double
G2- cromatin pair up - How many chromosomes in each somatic cell?
- 23 pair, 46 chromosomes
- Stomatic cell
- skin cells
- What are the characteristics of cancer
- it reproduces asexually, it is characterized as a disease from uncontrolled cell division