microbiology study guide
Terms
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- Metabolism
- sum of all chemical reactions going on in a cell or microorganism
- Catabolism
- breakdown of food materials for the release of food
- Anabolism
- building of new cellular compounds
- Autotrophic organisms
- radiant energy from the sun to chemical energy
- heterotrophic organisms
- require organic matter as source of energy
- photosynthesis
- autotrophic/ sun energy to chemical energy
- photosynthesis equation
- sunlight + 6H2O + 6CO2--> 6O2 + C6H12O11
- reduced state
- added electrons
- oxidized state
- removed electrons
- carbohydrate function
- energy storage, transport molecule
- carbohydrate made of⬦
- simple sugars like starch
- protein function
- structural support, protection, catalysis, transport, defense, regulation, movement
- Protein made of⬦
- amino acids
- Nucleic acid Function
- encode hereditary informatin bound in nucleotides
- Nucleic acid made of⬦
- DNA RNA
- Lipids function
- energy storage, cell membranes, capture of light energy, hormones, and vitamins, thermal insulation, electrical insulation of nerves, water repellency
- Lipids made of⬦
- fatty acids and glycerol like fats, oils and waxes
- Which animals can break down cellulose? What are they called?
- Herbivorous animals/protozoa, bacteria and funti in the digestive tract break down polysacchurides to disaccharides and monosaccharides
- ATP
- adenosine triphosphate/high energy molecule that releases a phosphate and causes a high energy release
- ADP
- adenosine diphosphate/missing a phosphate.
- Glycolysis
- catabolism of glucose, resulting in the production of pyruvic acid⬦in 10 steps, 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acids are created
- how is glycolysis initated
- by adding 2 ATP
- phosphorylation
- addition of phosphorous to a molecule/substrate phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
- NAD
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- how is NAD used in glycolysis?
- it is a carrier molecule and carries the H to the electron transport system
- fermentation process and equation
- No oxygen=fermentation/NADH reduced pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethyl alcohol/ 2 pyruvic acid+2NADH-->2 lactic acid + 2 NAD
- compare the amount of energy found in glucose with the energy found in ethyl alcohol
- ethyl alcohol retains the energy contained from the beginning glucose cell.
- specific example of fermentation
- ethyl alcohol fermentation in yeast cells, saccaromyces ceravisae
- resparation
- using oxygen completely pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water with transfer of energy released from pyruvic acid to ADP
- Krebs cycle in respiration--it converts pyruvic acid into what?
- series of reactions where pyruvic acid is completely oxidized and H is transferred to carriers molecules such as NAD. It converts pyruvic acid to citric acid.
- will fermentation alone meet the energy demands for human cells?
- no because cells need more energy than that created by fermentation
- where does glycosis take place in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells?
- the cytoplasm
- where does the krebs cycle take place in bacteria?
- plasma membrane
- where does the krebs cycle take place in eukaryotic cells?
- inside the mitochondria
- where are the enzymes found which catalyze the electron transport system in bacteria?
- inner membrane of plasma membrane
- where are the enzymes found which catalyze the electron transport system in eukaryotic cells
- inner membrane of mitochondria
- where are the various cytochromes which are involved in the electron transport system found in bacteria and eukaryotic cells?
- Cytoplasmic membrane
- How does the electron transport system play a role in the chemiosmotic theory of generation of ATP?
- it uses cytochromes to carry electrons across the membrane
- what is the role of oxygen in respiration
- the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
- how much ATP is produced from 1 molecule of glucose by a bacterial cell capable of undergoing respiration?
- 38
- how much ATP is produced from 1 molecule of glucose by a eukarytic cell capable of undergoing respiration?
- 36