Viruses and Bacteria
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- Many biologists do not consider viruses to be a
- living organism
- It is only when the virus invades a _____ ______ that it shows signs of _____.
- Living cell; life
- Once viruses invade living cells they can cause _________-
- diseases
- the word "virus" is the latin word for
- poison
- List 9 diseases that are caused by viruses
- influenza, AIDS, colds, West Nile, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, rabies, measles
- The viruses which cause diseases are called ______ viruses
- pathogenic
- A virus does not have a ___, but it described as being a _____.
- cell; particle
- A virus has no ______, no _____, and is not surrounded by a _____---
- nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane
- Most viruses require and ____ _____ to be seen.
- electron microscope
- Viruses are measured in
- millimicrons
- A virus is one ______ of a ______
- millionth, millimeter
- The simplest viruses are a core of _____ _________ wrapped in a ____ ____
- nucleic acid; protein coat
- Sometimes nucleic acid is _ _ _ and sometimes it is _ _ _
- RNA, DNA
- The living cell which is invaded by a virus is called the ____ ___
- host cell
- A virus cannot _____ on its own
- reproduce
- In the living cell, the virus injects its ____ or ________ into the host cells _____. This causes the host cell to become a ___ ____.
- nucelus; viral factory
- Viruses generally invade only ____ kinds of cells
- specific
- The polio virus would attack only ___ ___ in the ____ ____ and ______
- nerve cells; spinal cord; brain
- The mumps virus infects only __ __ of ___ ___.
- one pair; salivary glands
- Viruses may be the primary cause of
- cancer
- Since viruses do not have a ____ ____ the best that can be done is to create drugs such as __ __ __ that will slow the ____ of the virus
- cell membrane; AZT; reproduction
- Viral diseases can be ____ with ____
- prevented; vaccines
- List 7 viral diseases for which there are vaccines
- rabies, mumps, polio, measles, chicken pox, small pox, flu
- The virus which causes the commom cold _____ so quickly and so often that there is no eddective ___ for the common cold
- mutates; vaccine
- When a virus enters the human body and gets into the ___ ___, the ____ ___ goes into action.
- blood stream; immune system
- Armed w/a _____ of the invader, these WBC go to the ____ ____ and tell it to make ___ ___ ___ which will ____ the invader. In about _ days, the ____ releases the new ___ ___ ___ which ears the birus through the process called _______
- description; thymus gland; WBC; kill; 2; thymus; WBC; phagocytosis
- IF you have already had the disease caused by a virus, or if you have been ____ against that disease, you already have the ___ ___ ___ which ____ the virus
- vaccinated; WBC; kill
- You cannot have most viral illnesses ____
- twice
- There are an estimated _________ mutant forms of the virus that creates the ____ ____. IF you had had a cold fromm all of these, you would be ____ to it.
- common cold; immune
- ____ maybe had been the first form of life to exist on earth
- bacteria
- Early bacteria may have taken their energy from ____, ___-, and ___ rather than the ____
- iron, sulfur, N2, sun
- Bacteria are ____- a word which means they are everywhere
- ubiquiton
- Bacteria are measured by the ________
- millimicron
- Bacterua rabge in size from __ to____ millimicrons in length
- 500; 10,000
- ___________ are sphere shaped bacterial cells
- coceus
- ____ are sperical bacterial cells joined in pairs
- dipplocus
- _________ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies in clusters like a cluster of _____
- staphylocorrus
- ______ are spherical shaped bacterial cells which form colonies of filaments or a ____ of cells
- Streptococcus; string
- ______ are rod shaped bacteria
- bacillus
- ____ are rod shaped bacteria in colonies of pairs
- diplobaccilus
- _____ are rod shaped bacteria joined end to end to forma a colony which resembles a string or a _____
- streptobacillus; fillament
- ______ are cells shaped like bent rods or corkscrews
- spirillum
- bacteria have a ___ ___ which gives it shape
- cell wall
- Within the bacterial cell wall there is a thin ____ ____ which surrounds the ____
- plasma membrane; cytoplasm
- Bacteria have no ____ ___ but a nuclear area near the______ of the cell
-
nuclear membrance
center - surrounding the bacterial cell wall is a ____ ____ which _____ the bacteria and helps the cell ____ on to things
- slime layer; protects; stick
- The slime layer is sometimes called a ______
- capsule
- Some bacteria can ____. Movement is referred to scientifically as _____.; Most of bacteria that are this move by way of _____. Those are ___ ___ structures that whips about allowing the bacterium to move in the ____.
- move; motility; flagella; whip-like; fluids
- Many bacteria have the ability to go ____ when temp, moisture, light conditions, and food supply do not allow them to ____ live. These bacteria transform themselves into ____ which are capable of remaining dormant for ___ of years. When conditions become
- dormany; actively; endospores; thousands; active
- endospores have been found in deep layers of ____ in the antartic, trapped there for ____ of years. when placed in a better invironment, they became ___ cells.
- ice, thousands, viable
- Most bacteria grow best in the
- dark
- Many bacteria are killed by the ____ radiation of the ___
- ultraviolent, sun
- Some bacteria are ____ and use oxygen for respiration
- aerobic
- Most bacteria are ____ and are killed by oxygen
- anaerobic
- Still other bacteria can either ___ or ___ oxygen, but do best either ___ or ___ oxygen
- take, leave, with, without
- Those bacteria which must have oxygen are called ____ ___
- obligate aerobes
- Those bacteria which are killed by oxygen are called _____
- obligate anaerobes
- Those bacteria whih grow best w/o ocygen, but are not killed by it are called ____ ____
- faculative anaerobes
- Those bacteria that grow best w/oxygen, but are not killed by a lack of it are called ______ _____
- faculative aerobes
- The anaerobic respiration of bacteria can produce several different ___ _______ such as ___, ___ ___, and___
- by-products; ethanol, lactic acid, methanol
- Some bacteria are ____ and make their own food
- autotrophic
- Some bacteria have ____ for photosynthesis
- chlorophyll
- Some backteria use iron, nitrogen, or sulfur and make their food through ______
- chemosynthesis
- Most bacteria are _____ and feed on other organisms
- heterotrophic
- Some _____ bacteria are saprophytes
- heterotrophic
- ____ feed on dead organic matter
- saprophytes
- When saprophytes feed on dead matter, they cause this dead organic matter to _____. These bacteria also feed on dead organic matter which is intended to be ___ ___
- decompose; human food
- Some heterotrophic bacteria are ____.
- parasites
- parasites invade the bodies of ___ and ___ and get food directly from the ____ ____ of these organisms. The organism invaded by these bacteria is called the ____.
- plants and animals; living tissue; host
- Most bacteria reproduce by ____ ____. In ____ ___ everything in the cell is ____ and then the cell ____ into ___ cells.
- binary fission; duplicated, splits, 2
- Bacteria fix ____ so that plants can use it. Although 70% of the earth's atmosphere is ____, it is not in a ____ form. Bacteria transform ____ into a _____ form.
- n2, n2, useable, n2, useable
- Bacteria are the main _______. If there were no bacteria, dead bodies would lie around for thousands of years _____.
- decomposers, unchanged
- In the late 1800's, _____ _____ formulated ____ theory, which changed the course of ____ ____. ___ theory is that bacteria can cause disease.
- Louis Pasteur, germ, modern medicine, germ
- List 9 diseases caused by bacteria
- plague, pnuemonia, whooping cough, strep throat, botulism, syphillis, salmonella, TB, leprosy
- ____ drugs come directly from bacteria and molds
- antibiotic
- ____ drugs are synthetic versions of the chemicals that kill bacteria
- abiotics
- The primary defense against bacterial invasion is the ____ ____
- immune system
- _____ is a process of heating certain liquid food , like ___, to kill most of the bacteria
- pasteurization, milk
- _____ prevents bacterial invasion, as does ____, ____, and _____.
- Canning, refrigeration, freezing, dehydration