Psy 110/1
Terms
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- My-side Bias
- tendency to pay attention to evidence & arguments that support one's existing beliefs
- Split-Half
- scores on 1/2 test match scores on other 1/2
- Developmental Psy
- conception till death
- Graphology
- handwriting
- Parascience
- system that resembles science but is not truly scientific
- "The Bell Curve"
-
1994 - Hurnstein & Murry;
"Blacks score 15 pts. below average due to generic heritage" - Empericism
- scientific/collect data
- Phrenology
- feels shape of skull
- Control group
- group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the ind. var.
- Reliability
- achieve nearly same score on same test
- Cognitive
- thinking, language, problem solving
- Counseling Psy.
- treat milder emotional problems & Bx disturbances
- Endorphins
- class of chemicals produced by pituitary gland that are similar in structure & pain-killing effect to opiate drugs such as morphine
- Dove
- made test of black slang words
- Biophsychology
- biological processes- nervous system- brain, physiology, genetics
- Psychiatrist
- med. dr. who treats mental disorders
- Meta-analysis
- statistical technique for combining the results of many studies on same subject
- Test-retest
- test again (week later)
- Personality
- "Big Five"
- Astrology
- birthday & postitions of stars & planets
- repression
- unconscious process by which memories, thoughts or impulses are held out of awareness
- Psychometrics
- mental measurement or testing, such as personality & intelligence testing
- SQ4R
- Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Relate, Review
- falsifiable
- defines in a way that it's poss. to prove wrong
- Determinism
- doctrine that all Bx has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
- Terman
- made Binet's intelligence scale useful in America - "Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, 4th Edition" (Binet-4)
- Comparative
- using different species
- Experimenter Effect
- experimenter influences subject's Bx
- Gestalt Psy
- study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
- Philosophy
- formal study of knowledge, reality, & human nature
- Psy's goals
-
1. describe 2. understand
3. predict 4. control - Jane Goodall
- notices chimp uses grass as tool
- Anthropomorphic Fallacy
- error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals
- Criterion Validity
- compare score to actual performance
- Overt Bx
- observable
- Barnum Effect
- "a little something for everybody"
- Frame of Reference
- mental or emotional perspective used for judging & evaluating events
- Tryon
-
study intelligence in animals
-maze bright & maze dull rats
-did not prove - Structuralism
-
1. What?
2. description
3. problem-> peeps diff.& disagree - Clinical Psy.
- research & treat mental/emotional problems
- Expermimental group
- group of subjects exposed to ind. variable or experimental condition
- Wechsler
-
defined Intelligence = global capacity to act purposely, think rationally, & deal w/ envirn. (get through life easily)
1. Adult-Intelligence Scale = WAIS III
2. Intelligence Scale for Children = WISC III - Sensation and Perception
- using senses
- Palmistry
- look at lines on hand
- stimulus
- physical energy that has some effect on an organism & evokes a response
- Males better at
- math, spacial skills
- Titchener
- Structuralism
- Naturalistic Observation
- study subjects in natural setting
- Scientific Observation
- answer questions
- Aptitude
- capacity for learning certain abilities
- Covert Bx
- "covered"
- Correlational Studies
- relationship b/w 2 things
- Wundt
-
1. conscience experience
2. introspection
3. Experimental Self-Observation - IQ=
-
MA/CA X 100
MA = mental age
CA = chronoligical age - Functionalism
-
1. adaptation
2. mind functions to adapt to environ.
3. natural selection from Darwin
4. adaptive Bx - Single-Blind
- blind subject
- Research Method
- systematic science
- Validity
- ability of a test to measure what it claims to measure (scores consistent & highly correlated)
- Watson
- Behaviorism
- Survey Method
- give group carefully worded questions
- "Father of Psy"
- Wundt
- Phenylketonuria
- lacks enzyme
- Behaviorism
-
1. overt Bx
2. relationship b/w stimuli & Bx
3. ideas on Pavlov = condition responses - Humanistic
-
1. pos. aspects
2. Subjective Human Experience = "free will"
3. Self-Image = perceive urself
4. Self-Actualization = developing ur potential - James
- Functionalism
- Equivalent-forms
- 2 versions of a test
- Psychology
- Study of mind and Bx
- Scientific Method
-
1. observe
2. define
3. hypothesis
4. evidence/test
5. publish results
6. propose theory - Familial
-
retardation runs in families but not genetic
(nutrition, emotional support, medical care) - Psychoanalyst
- "Freudian therapy"
- Binet
- France - made 1st test on intelligence
- Observer Bias
- experimenter looks for & records specific details
- 1st group test
- Army Alpha - find military officers for WWI
- uncritical acceptance
- believe pos. things
- Multiple Aptitude Test
- measures 2 or more abilities
- Cultural Relativity
- judge Bx accroding to culture
- eugenics movement
- (Binet-4 started) encourage or discourage peeps to reproduce
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- act in ways that fulfill label
- Special Aptitude Test
- used for specific areas
- Clinical Method
- case study on 1 subject
- Fragil-X
- 2nd most common; males; hereditary; mild at birth - profound at adulthood
- Psychoanalytic
- Bx influenced by unconscious thoughts
- standardization
-
1. instructions 4 test
2. norms 4 test - Field Experiments
- regular life happens "natural"
- <70
- mental retardation
- Double-Blind
- blind experimenter and subject
- Microcephaly
- small brain
- Observational Record
- formal log of Bx (videotape)
- Down Syndrome
- most common; short life; xtra 21st chromosome; father's sperm at fault 25%
- Rogers & Maslow
- Humanistic
- >130
- gifted
- Eclectic Psychologists
- "pick and choose"
- Severely Retardation
- IQ 25-40; 4%
- Skinner
- Radical Behaviorist
- Profoundly Retarded
- IQ 0-25; 1%
- 5 Maj. Perspectives Influencing Psychological Thought
-
1. psychodynamic
2. behaviorism
3. humanism
4. biopsychological
5. cognitive - Terminal Decline
- drop in IQ of elderly before their death
- Freud
- Psychoanalytic
- Mildly Retarded
-
IQ 55-70; 85%
-potential to live normal lives - fallacy of pos. instances
- look for things that confrim expectations
- Cretanism
- insufficient supply of thryoid hormone
- Biopsychological
- explain Bx due to physical things (brain, heredity)
- Femals better at
- memorization, vocal skills, vocabulary
- Operational Def.
- precise procedure to define concept
- Moderate Retardation
-
IQ 40-55; 10%
-self-help skills - Observer Effect
- change in subject's Bx from being observed
- Hydrocephaly
- water on brain; build up of cerebrospinal fluid
- Placebo Effect
- changes occur due to peep's expectations