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Intro to Inquiry

Terms

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abductive reasoning
development of new theoretical propositions that account for a set of observations, which cannot be accounted for or explained by a previous proposition or theoretical framework; data are analyzed for their own patterns and concepts, which in some cases may relate to available theories and in other cases may not relate
Actions processes
specific actions that must be clearly delineated and articulated use for research: different ways of reasoning and the specific series of actions that distinguish naturalistic and experimental-type investigators in the conduct o their research
Confirmable
the researched clearly and logically identifies the strategies used in the study so that others can reasonably follow the path of analysis and arrive at similar outcomes and conclusions
Deductive reasoning
: involves moving from a general principle to understanding a specific case; based on theory and its propositions, hypotheses are derived and then formally tested
Epistemology
way of knowing and obtaining knowledge
Experimental-type reasoning
range of designs characterized by focus on prediction and hypothesis testing
Idiographic
focuses on specific phenomena in a context and seeks to highlight the complexity of the phenomenon
Inductive reasoning
involves moving from a specific case to a broader generalization about the phenomenon under study
Logical
thinking and action processes of a research study are clear, rational, and conform to accepted norms of deductive, inductive, or abductive reasoning
Naturalistic inquiry
wide range of designs characterized by a focus on understanding and interpreting human experience within the context in which experience occurs
Nomothetic
examine and characterize what is typical about one or more groups
Thinking processes
different ways of reasoning and the specific series of actions that distinguish naturalistic and experimental-type investigators in the conduct o their research
Understandable
make sense, explicit, be precise, intelligible, and credible to the reader or research consumer
Useful
the value of knowledge produced by a study; subjective criterion in that it is based on the researcher’s judgment
The Ten Essentials of Research
1. Indentify a Philosophical Foundation: reveal underlying assumptions of ontology and andepistemology 2. Frame a Research Problem: identify broad topic or problem area 3. Determine Supporting Knowledge: review and synthesize existing literature to examine knowledge development in identified area 4. Identify a Theory Base: use existing theory to frame research problems and interpret result; or construct theory as part of the research process 5. Develop a Specific Question of Query: identify specific focus for research, based on knowledge development, theoretical perspective, and research process 6. Select a Design Strategy: develop standard procedure or broad strategic approach to answer research question or query 7. Set Study Boundaries: establish a scope of study and methods for accessing research participants 8. Obtain Information: determine strategies for collecting information that is numerical, visual, auditory, or narrative 9. Analyze Information and Draw Conclusions: employ systematic processes to examine different types of data and derive interpretive scheme 10. Share and Use Research Knowledge: write and disseminate research conclusions
Design
most fundamental aspect of research, based on philosophical position, research purpose, theory, and specific research question or query; action process by which to explore or answer the query
Ethics:
the right of human research participants to full knowledge of the purpose of the study and the nature of their involvement, the specific behaviors or conduct of the investigator, ethics of the question and design procedure
Philosophical Foundation
individual’s particular orientation to how a person learns about human behavior, health, and personal abilities and experiences, or other phenomena of importance in health and human services
Query:
research direction is broadly represented and becomes highly specified only through the process of conducting the study itself; broad working question ; initially identifies the “who, what, and where”
Question
a particular research direction; details exact factors and the characteristics or phenomena that will be examined
Theory
set of interrelated propositions that provide a framework for understanding or explaining phenomena
Epistemology:
“How do we come to know it?”
Holistic
: human experience is complex and cannot be understood by reductionism, this is by identifying and examining its parts, meaning in human experience is derived from an understanding of individuals in their social, economic, political, cultural, linguistic, physical, and virtual environments, multiple realities exist, and our view of reality is determined by events viewed through individual lenses or biases, those have the experiences are the most knowledgeable about them
Integrated design
experimental-type inquiry reveals the need to develop insights using naturalistic techniques
Interactionists
assume that human meaning evolves from the context of social interactions
Logical positivism
: foundation for deductive, predictive designs that we refer to as “experimental-type research”
Multimethod research
combination of multiple strategies or designs that answers a series of questions
Ontology
“What is reality?”
Phenomenologist
human meaning can be understood only through experience
Pluralism
central characteristic of naturalistic inquiry that suggests there are multiple realities that can be identified and understood only within the natural context in which human experience and behavior occur
Pragmatism
school of thought in which concepts such as truth and reality are relative and purposive
Problem statement
statement that identifies the phenomenon to be explored and the reason(s) it needs to be examined or why it is a problem or issue
Purpose statement
articulation of the reasons for conducting and using research
Research topic
broad area of inquiry from which the investigator develops a more specific question of query
Concept/construct matrix
two-dimensional organizational system that presents all information that the investigator reviews and evaluates
Database
of information obtained through systematic investigation
Literature review chart
chart approach to organizing a literature review in which research studies are summarized in a table format along key categories, such as type of design, measures, and outcomes
Concept
symbolic representations of an observable of experience referent
Construct
symbolic representations of shared experience that doesn’t have observable or directly experienced referent
Hypothesis
: testable statements that indicate what the researcher expects to find, based on theory and level of knowledge in literature
Levels of abstraction
four levels that guide theory development and testing: concept, construct, relationships, and propositions of principles
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Proposition
: statements that govern a set of relationships and give them a structure; also called principles
Theory-generating
one of the primary purposes of many forms of naturalistic inquiry: use of naturalistic approaches to link each piece of datum from which concepts, constructs, relationships, and propositions are generated or derived
Theory testing
one of the primary purposes of many forms of experimental-type research; use of experimental methodologies to test formally a set of propositions of a theory
Breakdowns
points in data collection in naturalistic inquiry in which the expectation of the researcher doesn’t match the observation of information gathered
Descriptive questions
level 1 question) experimental-type research questions that aim to describe phenomena
Directional hypothesis
type of hypothesis in which the direction of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is clearly articulated
Hypotheses
testable statements that indicate what the researcher expects to find, based on theory and level of knowledge in literature
Integrated designs
structure used to strengthen a study by selecting and combining designs and methods from both paradigms so that one complements the other to benefit the whole or contribute to an understanding of the whole
Nondirectional hypothesis
type of hypothesis in which the research indicates an expected effect but not the direction of that effect
Predictive questions:
level 3 question) experimental-type research questions that test concepts by manipulating one to affect the other
Query
broad statement that identifies the phenomenon or natural field of interest in naturalistic form of inquiry
Relational questions
(level 2 questions) experimental-type research questions that explore relationships among phenomena that have already been studied at the descriptive level
Bias
potential unintended or unavoidable effect on study outc
Conceptual definition
stipulates the meaning of concepts or constructs with other concepts or constructs also known as lexical definition
Context specificity
one of the central features of naturalistic inquiry; refers to the specific environment or field in which the study is conducted and information is derived
Control
set of action processes that directs of manipulates factors to minimize extraneous variance in order to achieve an outcome
Dependent variable
: presumed effect of an independent variable
Emic
“insider” or informant’s way of understanding and interpreting experience
Etic
systematic understanding of phenomena developed by those who are external to a group
External validity
: capacity to generalize findings and develop inferences from the sample to the study population
Independent variable
presumed cause of the dependent variable; sometimes referred as the “predictor variable”
Internal validity
ability of the research design to answer accurately the research question
Intervening variable
phenomena that have an effect on the study variables but are not necessarily the object of the study; also known as the confounding variables or extraneous variables
Manipulation
action processes of maneuvering the independent variable so that the effect of its presence, absence, or degree on the dependent variable can be observed
Operational definition
definition that reduces the abstraction of a concept to a cornet observable form by specifying the exact procedures for measuring or observing the phenomenon
Rigor
refers to procedures that enhance and are used to judge the integrity of the research design
Statistical conclusion validity
power of an investigator’s study to draw statistical conclusions
Variable
concept or construct to which a numerical value is assigned; by definition, it must have more than one value, even if the investigator is interested in only one condition
Counterbalance designs
variation on experimental design in which more than one intervention is tested and in which the order of the participation in each intervention is manipulated
Effect size
strength of differences in the sample values that the investigator expects to find
Factorial designs
variation on true-experimental design in which the investigator evaluates the effects of two or more independent variables or the effects of an intervention on different factors or levels of a sample or study variables
Nonexperimental designs
experimental-type designs in which the three criteria for true experimentation do not exist
Pre-experimental designs
designs in which two of the three criteria necessary for true experimentation are absent
Quasi-experimental designs
experiments that have treatments, outcomes, measures, and experimental units but don’t use random assignment to create comparison from which treatment-caused change is inferred; instead, the comparisons depend on nonequivalent groups who differ from each other in many ways other than the presence of the treatment being tested
Randomization
selection of assignment of subjects based on chance
Solomon four-group designs
true-experimental design that combines true experimentation and posttest-only designs into on design structure
True-experimental designs
classic two-group design in which subjects are randomly selected and randomly assigned to either and experimental or control group condition; before the experimental condition, all subjects are pretested or observed on a dependent measure; in the experimental group, the independent variable or experimental condition is imposed and is withheld in the control group; subjects are then posttested or observed on the dependent variable after the experimental condition
Blinding
minimize partiality or the possibility of introducing any form of bias
Clinical trial
: research designed to investigate treatment efficacy
Double-blind trail
neither study participants nor investigators (nor anyone else on the research team) are aware of group assignments
Evaluation practice
infuses everyday practice with an evaluative and systematic knowledge-generating framework;
Evidence-based practice
model of practice in which decisions are supported by research
Phase 1 clinical trial
study of small sample to test a new behavioral or biomedical intervention not previously evaluated
Phase II clinical trial
study of the efficacy and safety of an intervention in a larger group of people
Phase III clinical trial
study to evaluated comparative effectiveness and safety of an intervention in a large group of persons (several hundred to thousands)
Reflexive intervention
intervention action processes, resources, and influences are essential parts of evaluation practice are thus subject to the same systematic scrutiny as needs assignment
Single-blind trial
the persons enrolled in the study don’t know what group or treatment they have been assigned to, but the investigative team does know
Treatment fidelity
attention to the integrity of implementing an intervention

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