Psych-ch 1
Terms
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- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- psychology
- an approach to knowledge that relies on collecting data, generating a theory to explain the data, producing testable hypotheses based on the theory, adn testing those hyptheses empirically
- the scientific method
- systematic explanation of a phenomenon; it organizes known facts, allows, us to predict, new facts, and permits us to exercise a degree of control over the phenomenon
- theory
- specific, testable predictions derived from a theory
- hypotheses
- a theory or body of knowledge that portrays itself as a science but is not based on empirical observation or is inconsistent with broader scientific theory
- pseudoscience
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-Wundt and Titchner
-school of psychology that stresses the basic units of experience and the combinations in which they occur - structuralism
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-James
- theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its enviroment - functionalist theory
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-Freud
- personality theories that behavior results from psychological dynamics that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness - psychodynamic theories
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-Watson
-school of psychology that studies only observable and measureable behavior
*skinner- added reinforcement - behaviorism
- school of psychology that studies how people percievev and experience objects as whole patterns
- gestalt psychology
- school of psychology that focusses on the meaningless and alienation on modern life, and how these factors lead to apathy and psychological problems
- existential psychology
- school of psychology that emphasizes nonverbal experience and altered states of consciousness as a means of realizing one's full human potential
- humanistic psychology
- school of psycholgy devoted to the study of mental processes in the brodest sense
- cognitive psychology
- an approach to, and subfied of, psychology that is concerned with the evolutionary origins of behaviors and mental processes, their adaptive value, and the purposes they continue to serve
- evolutionary psychology
- th psychological and social meanings attached to being biolically male or female
- gender
- general beliefs about characteristics that are presumed to be typical by each sex
- gender stereotypes
- behaviors that we expect each gender to engage in
- gender roles
- the tangible goods and values, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs that are passed from one generation to another
- culture
- a subpopulation of a species, defined according to a identifiable characteristic
- race
- a common cultural heritage, including religion, language, and/or ancestry, that is shared by a group of individuals
- ethnicity
- that aspect of an individual self-concept that is based on his or her awareness of being a member of a particular ethnic group
- ethnic identity
- ...offer a wide variety of views on the social roles of women and men, the problems and rewards of those roles, and perceptions for changing those roles
- feminist theory
- refers to the direction of one's sexual interest toward members of the same sex, the other sex, and both sexes
- sexual orientation
- research method involving the systematic study of animal or human behavior in natural setting rather than in the laboratory
- naturalistic observation
- expectations or biases of the observer that might distort or influence his or her interpretation of what was actually observed
- observer bias
- intensive desciption and analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals
- case study
- research technique in which questionnares or interviews are administeredto a selected group of people
- survey research
- research technique based on the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables
- correlational
- a research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates selected events or circumstances and then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent behavior
- experimental method
- individuals whose reactions or responses are observed in a experiment
- subjects/participants
- in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated to test its effects on the other
- independent variable
- in an experiment, the variable that is measured to see how it is changes by manipulations
- dependent variable
- in a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable
- experimental group
- in a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable
- control group
- expectations by the experimenter that might influence the results of an experiment or its interpretation
- experimental bias
- selection of cases from a larger population
- sample
- sample in which each potential participant had a equal chance of being selected
- random sample
- sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the participants correspond closely to the characteristics of the larger population
- representative sample