people
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- Oliver Cromwell
- English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-165
- Galileo Galilei
- Scientist who built the first telescope and proved that planets and moons move. Persecuted for supporting Copernicus' ideas
- William Harvey
- English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood
- Voltaire
- writer of epics, tragedies, satire; friends with Fredrick the Great; hated Church; admires England, favors freedom of press, low opinion of human race esp. common man
- Thomas Hobbes
- English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
- Charles I king
- g of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor
- Montesquieu
- French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
- Louis XIV king
- of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)
- Peter The Great
- ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia
- Isaac Newton Sir Isaac
- 1642-1727, English philosopher and mathematician: formulator of the law of gravitation.
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
- John Locke
- English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
- Frederick The Great King of Prussia
- (1740-1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-174 and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe
- Johannes Kepler
- discovered that the paths of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather that circular