CLJ 012 1
Terms
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- human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws
- crime
- make illegal
- criminalize
- human activity that violates social norms
- deviant behavior
- various forms of behavior are criminalized upon agreement from members of society
- consensus perspective
- this perspective good in homogeneous societies
- consensus perspective
- behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action
- pluralist perspective
- an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior, including their manifestations, causes, legal aspects, and control
- criminology
- one who studies crime, criminals, and criminal behavior
- criminologist
- a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime
- criminalist
- a theory that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach
- general theory
- theory that explains crime by merging concepts from different sources
- integrated theory
- specialist in examining the evidence of a crime
- criminalist
- application of the ciminal law and study of the components of the justice system
- criminal justice
- members of society agree it should be illegal
- consensus perspective
- behaviors are typically criminalized througha political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action
- pluralist perspective
- one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach
- general theory
- exlains crime by merging concepts from different sources
- integrated theory
- crime defined as: Problem behavior, especially human activity that contravenes the criminal law and results in difficulties in living within a framework of generally acceptable social arrangements
- psychological perspective
- crime defined as: Human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or the local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws
- legalistic perspective
- crime defined as: The result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behavior as illegal
- political perspective
- crime defined as: An antisocial act of such a nature that its repression is necessary or is supposed to be necessary to the preservation of the existing system of society
- sociological perspective
- shortcoming of sociological perspective
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Shortcoming:
It suffers from wanting to criminalize activities that cause only indirect harm. - shortcoming of political perspective
- Restricted to understanding crime through political processes, which limits inquiry into human behavior
- shortcoming of legalistic perspective
-
Yields “moral high ground†to the powerful
Insistence that nature of crime cannot be separated from nature of law
No recognition that formal law did not always exist - shortcoming of psychological perspective
- Does not fully acknowledge structural causes of criminal activity and crime definitions
- violation of a set of rules
- crime
- speeding vs. adultery
- crime vs. deviance
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Macro analysis
Crime is a manifestation of social problems
Public health model
Government funded initiatives - social problems
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Micro analysis
Crime is an individual responsibility
Rational choice theory
Social programs do little to solve the problem
Punishment, rehabilitation, & control - social responsibility
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Released by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Crime in the United States - UCR
- UCR stands for
- Uniform crime report
- collected by the FBI, eventually will replace UCR
- National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
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Released by Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)
Criminal Victimization in the United States - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
- four reasons for not reporting crime
-
fear of perpetrator
shame, carries over form cultural victim-blaming notions
fears of not being believed
fear of further participation in the justice system - an arrest has been made or the perpetrator is known but an arrest is not possible
- cleared crime
- how data is collected for UCR
- through police reports
- how data is collected for NCVS
- through random selection interview
- crime did what in the early 1940s
- decreased sharply because of WWI
- crim did what from 1960s to 1990s, and why??
- dramatic increase, baby boomers in crime prone age, increase in crime reporting, normlessness of 1960s
- crime from 1991 to 2003, and why
- dramatic decrease, baby boomers aging out
- willful killing of one human being by another
- homicide
- unlawful homicide
- murder
- planned murder
- first degree murder
- true crime of passion
- second degree murder
- negligent homicide; no malice or intent
- third degree murder
- an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies
- felony murder...person can be found guilty of first degree murder even with no intent
- unlawful taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear
- robbery
- robbery in public, usually in the street
- highway (street) robbery
- unarmed offender uses brute force to rob someone
- strong armed robbery
- unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury
- aggravated assault
- attack without a weapon resulting eitehr in minor injury or undetermined injury requiring less than two days of hospitalization
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simple assault(NCVS)
any injury: aggravated assault per UCR - unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft; use of force is not required
- burglary
- unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, other than a motor vehicle, from the possession of another person
- larceny
- theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle
- motor vehicle theft
- stealing a car while its occupied
- carjacking
- burning something
- arsen
- this persepctive on crime is better in a homogeneous society.
- consensus perspective
- for Part I offenses, the crimes are counted when?
- anytime a crime is reported to the police
- for Part II offenses, the crimes are counted when?
- only when an arrest was made
- violent crime
- robbery, rape, murder, aggravated assault
- property crime
- burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
- an alternative explanation
- confounding effects
- an outside reason for a correlation other than the one shown
- confounding effects
- rate of crime calculated on the basis of crimes that would likely be committed by those who are in prison or who are otherwise incapacitated by the justice system
- latent crime rate
- NIBRS summary or incident based?
- incident based, reports all crimes committed during one incident
- UCR summary or incident based?
- summary based, only counts the most serious--heirarchy rule
- statistics that specify how likely findings are to be true for other populations or in other locales
- inferential statistics
- statistics that summarize or highlight the relationships within data that have been gathered
- descriptive statistics
- the certainty that experimental interventions caused the changes observed in the study group
- internal validity
- the ability of researchers to generalize the research findings to other settings
- external validity
- threats to internal validity
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history-some real like event related to experiment occurs during course of experiment
maturation-processes occuring over time, such as aging
testing effect-had this test previously
intrumentation-using different measures to avoid the test effect
regression to the mean-extreme scores, move closer to mean over time
selection bias-must be sure experimental and control groups are equal
experimental mortality-losing people
diffusion of stimulus-subjects talking to each other about the experiment
rivalry/demoralization-competitiveness with group - threats to external validity
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reactive effects of testing- people figure out what you're asking and tell you waht you want to hear
self-selection--certain groups volunteer, such as the poor
reactive effects of experimental arrangements-know you're being tested so you act differently
multiple-treatment interference- in other studies/classes at the same time - scientific inquiry that is designed and carried out for practical application
- applied research
- undertaken simply for the sake of advancing scientific knowledge
- pure research
- characterized by direct and original investigation
- primary research
- new evaluations of existing information that has already been collected by other researchers
- secondary research
- series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events
- theory
- an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation
- hypothesis
- research is done and explained to form these
- theories
- stages of research
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define your question
define concepts you are studying
choose a method
how will you measure things?
who and how will you sample?
how will you collect data?
how will you analyze the data
how will you report your findings - groups 1 and 2 are exp and control, 3 does not have pretest, 4 is only posttested
- solomon four group design
- solomon four group design
- groups 1 and 2 are exp and control, 3 does not have pretest, 4 is only posttested
- single group of subjects is measured on a variable following experimental stimuli
- one-shot case study
- adds a pretest for the group, no control
- one-group pretest-posttest design
- includes experimental and control group, no pretest
- static-group comparison
- like the static group comparison but the static is not randomly selected here
- posttest-only control group design
- how does proper randomization control threats to internal validity, especially the testing effect?
- no bias on post test because there is no pre test
- five types of data collection
- surveys, case studies, participant observation, self-reporting, and secondary analysis
- new evaluations of existing information, which had been collected by other researchers
- secondary analysis
- the researcher doesnt try to influence behavior or direction of the group
- observer
- the researcher is indestinguishable from all other members of the group
- participant
- provide reseachers with confidence that their results are in fact, and not the result of sampling error
- tests of significance
- no names are disclosed
- anonymity
- all responses are confidential
- confidentiality
- any potential harm must be disclosed at outset
- no harm to participants, an ethical issue
- ethical issues
- voluntary participation, informed consent, no harm to participants, anonymity and confidentiality, deception only when necessary
- subjects are aware of the costs/benefits of participating
- informed consent
- measures of central tendency
- mean, median, mode
- when the same conditions exist, the same results can be expected to follow
- replicability
- a scientific principle that requires that independent observers see the same thing under the same circumstances for observations to be regarded as valid
- intersubjectivity or inter-rater reliability
- variance and SD, how spread out the data is
- dispersion