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Terms
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- Urbanization
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- The process by which an increasing proportion of a national population lives in towns and cities.
- Split into two groups: Demographic and Socio-cultural
-Demographic involves movement, increased density, absorbtion of more area (i.e. Toronto to GTA) and lets us determine whether a place is urban.
-Socio-cultural involves asking why and how? Not where? Thinking about how spaces are used and how people can be considered urban but not live in a city.
- Importance: Urbanization is at an all time high. The majority of the world's population now lives in cities. - Place
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- Any given location can be interpreted as place to someone.
- The term place is given to a location once it receives a meaning or reason for its importance.
- For example if it evokes an emotion of happiness or sadness for an experience at that spot.
- Place is security.
- People interact with place and it tells people who we are, surrounds us with likeminded people and makes us feel safe (security).
- Places are created by human intervention, then people are influenced by these places. There is a reciprocal relationship. - Space
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- Geographic entities with distinct shapes, scales, and other properties that set the stage for certain kinds of human activities.
- As spaces are used and made meaningful by human beings, they become places.
- Both space and place can be used together (i.e. Chinatown but can be seen as an intersection or public transit space) - New urbanism
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- New urbanism is a response to suburban sprawl that emphasizes on revitalizing old urban centers.
- Creating mixed-use centers where residences are located close to commercial and office sectors
- Planning for walkable, high-density, low-rise residential areas that are socially diverse communities
- Minimizing the speed of autos through urban areas and making cities more attractive to walking and casual social interaction
- Example: Garden city by ebenizer howard - Sprawl
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- Associated with a utopian view, ideal view of society and how it should be
- Lower density development at urban fringe than in existing city.
- Automobile dependent
- Leapfrog patterns of development, minimum public open space
- Unplanned development
- Sprawl consequence of rapid urbanization - Visible homeless
- People who live in public without housing. For example the people who we see in parks and washrooms
- Invisible homeless
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- People who are precariously housed but living in ways the public can't see them.
- We don't see them because they may be house hopping or in a shelter. - New homelessness
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- Concerns the invisible homeless and how there are more invisible homeless than in the past
- Increasing amount of families, women, minorities and youth becoming invisible homeless
- Data of homelessness is skewed because data collectors will only see the visible homeless outside and the invisible homeless are often not counted. - Spacialization of difference
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- The idea that certain people belong in certain places and how it is something we can feel
- When we say someone or some place is sketchy, we are saying that this person or space is different from what we are used to and it's unfamiliar
- Race is made up of spatial and material things
- It is about a discourse between representation, images, bodies and material experiences
- Small scale racializaton of space and place is considered a microgeography - Concentric zone
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- Follows The Burgess Model of a typical industrial city
- It had 5 levels:
A (Main, lowest economic standing)
B (Factories, industry, production, transitional area of residence)
C (Low class residential)
D(Medium class residential)
E(High class residential, highest economic standing)
- A is the most internal and E is the most external. - Time Space Compression
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- David Harvey coined the term “time–space compression†in his book "the condition of postmodernity" to refer to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances.
- Massey says we need to recognize ourselves as social beings
- For example how a computer on wall street can transfer information to another computer in another part of the world and make money in seconds - Megalopolis
- - A very large and highly dense population site connecting people and enterprises in different cities and towns.
- Urban fragmentation
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- The process of metropolitan areas being split up
- 2 areas exist together in a larger area which has social differences and wants to separate due to those differences
- Examples include being less wealthy and thus not being able to provide the same level of services - Deindustrialization
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- The movement of industrial enterprises out of older metropolitan areas during the period after World War II.
- Manufacturing had provided the economic foundation of many of these sites, cities that grew up during the industrial age; and, as industry disappeared, so the city itself became diminished.
- This resulted in the emergence of businesses in the sunbelt region or the south, west and south west united states and a lot of people moving there. - Post industrial/Postmodern metropolis
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- A postindustrial city characterized by social fragmentation.
- An example is Los Angeles
- Characterized by affluent people, disparities of wealth differences in race and religion.
- Vast system of highways which causes sprawl, more people to live in the suburbs and longer commutes for more pollution.
- Differences in social disparities and inequalities
- Police state (i.e. riots and racial profiling such as the rodney king incident in the readings) - Suburbs
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- Suburbs are LDR, on the urban periphery, contain middle and upper middle class social homogeneity, they sprawl and are economically dependent on cities and they are exclusively residential like a bedroom community.
- Different types of suburbs are the technoburb and edge city, the auto-dependent suburb and the streetcar suburb
- In the clip we saw in class from the show weeds demonstrates suburbs as uniformity, happy and safe, affluent people, boring and everyone has the same things houses cars. But there is more to these places than people give them credit for. - Ato-dependent suburb
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- Invention of the automobile most important factor for expansion of suburbs
- Emphasis on highways and contain borders with no centers
- Gridiron vs Cul-de-sacs
Cul-de-sacs are a big feature of the auto-dependent suburb.
- People driving will go through circles to get somewhere instead of in a straight line.
- This feature destroys community, creates useless space and longer travel times. Gridiron layouts allow for multi-use neighbourhoods.