comp final 2
ed psych college level part 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- deductive reasoning
- drawing conclusions by applying rules logically moving from a general to specific
- norm referenced testing
- testing in which scores are compared with the average performance of others
- retrieval
- process of searching info by using memories, expectations. logic and existing
- percentile rank
- of the noming sample who socred at or below an individual score
- allocated time
- time set for learning
- importance/attainment value
- the importance of doin well on a task
- accountablity
- making teachers and schools responsible for students earning
- lesson study
- a group teachers develop test improve and retest lessons until they are satisfied with the final version
- norm groups
- a group whose average score serves as a standard for evaluating any students score on a test
- criterion referenced testing
- testing in which scores are compared to a set performance standard
- adequate yearly progress AYP
- objectives for yearly improvement for all students and for specifics
- participation structure
- rules defining how to participate in different activities
- advanced organizer
- statement of inclusive concepts intro and sum up material that follows
- distractors
- wrong answers offered as choices in a multiple choice item
- situated learning
- one situation of a particular community; situation specific
- phonological loop
- a memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound info of aobut 2 secs
- executive control processes
- selective attention rehearsal elaboration and organization that influence encoding storage and retrieval of info in memory
- normal distribution
- most commonly occuring distribution in which scores are distributed evenly around the mean
- instructional objectives
- clear statement of what students are inteded to learn through instruction
- means end analysis
- heuristic in which a goal is divided into subgoals
- algorithm
- step by step procedure for solving a problem
- convergent thinking
- a single answer
- cognitive evaluation theory
- that events affect motivation through the individuals perception of the events as controlling behavioral or providing info
- buckley amendment
- right under law to see results of all classroom records
- implicit
- knowledge that we aren't conscous of recalling, but influences behavior or thoughts
- variablity
- degree of difference or deviation from mean
- maintenance rehearsal
- keeping info in a working memory by repeating it
- representititvness heuristic
- judging the likelihood of an event based on how well the events match your prototype
- attention
- focus on stimulus
- grade equivilant score
- measure of grade level based on comparison with norming sample from each grade
- mode
- most frequent score
- standard deviation
- measure of how widely scores vary from mean
- teaching to transfer
- influence of previously learned material on new material
- deficiency
- lower needs
- perception
- interpretation of sensory info
- bloom's taxonomy 3 domains
- cognitive (remembering or reasoning), affective (emotional), psychomotor (physical ability)
- elaboration
- adding and extending meaning by connecting new info to existing
- story grammar
- typical structure for a category of stories
- loci method
- associating items with places
- 3 skills of classroom management
- planning, monitoring, evaluating
- sociocultural views of motivation
- perspectives that emphasize participation identities and inertpersonal relations within communities
- social pursuasion
- a pep talk
- formative assessment
- ungraded testing used before or during instrtuction
- behavior context matrix
- plan what you want them to get from your teaching
- meaningful verbal learning
- focused organized relationships among ideas and verbal info
- critical thinking
- evaluating conclusions by logically and systematically examining the problem
- humanistic interpretation
- approach to motivation that emphasizes personal freedom choice self determination and striving for personal growth
- context
- physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event
- defining attributes
- distinctive features shared by members of a category
- norming sample
- large sample of students serving as a comparison group for scoring standardize tests
- seatwork
- independant classwork
- goal orientations
- patterns of beliefs about goals related to achievement
- declarative knowledge
- "know that" verbal info, facts
- mastery goal
- personal intention to improve abilities and learn now matter how performance suffers
- low road transfer
- spontaneous and automatic transfer of highly practical skills
- gestalt (face/vase)
- hold that people organize their perception into cohort wholes/pattern
- comparative advanced organizer
- activate already existing knowledge schemas
- peg type
- associating items with key words
- service learning
- an approach combining academic learning with personal and social development
- organization
- ordered and logical relations
- working memory
- the info that you are focusing on at a given moment
- stand alone thinking skills programs
- teach thinking skills directly without need for extensive subject matter
- analogical instruction
- teaching new concepts by making connections with existing knowledge (analogies)
- group focus
- ability to keep as many students as possible involved in activities
- empathetic listening
- hearing the intent and emotions behind what another says
- verbalization
- putting your problem solving plan into words
- authentic task
- have some connection to real life problems
- maslow's hierarchy of needs
- 7 levels of human needs
- kounin's withitness
- awareness of everything happening
- functional fixedness
- inability to use objects or tools in a new way
- diagnostic test
- individually administered tests to id special learning problems
- Z score
- standard score indicating the number of standard deviations above or below the mean
- productions
- the contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take
- keyword
- words with concepts with similar sounding cue words
- exemplars
- a specific example of a given category that is used to classify an item
- criterion referenced grading
- assessment of each student's mastery of course objectives
- perfomance assessment
- any form of assessment that requires students to carry out an activity or produce a product in order to demonstrate learning
- validity
- degree to whic a test measures what it is inteded to measure
- cooperative learning
- arrangement in which students work in mided ability groups and are rewarded on the basis of the success of the group
- availability heuristic
- judging the likelihood of an event based on waht is available in your memory
- diagnostic test
- formative test to determing students areas of weakness
- concept
- a general category of ideas
- ego involved learner
- student who focus on how well they are performing and how they are judged by others
- standarized tests
- tests given under uniform procedures
- distributed practice
- brief periods with rests
- bottom up processing
- percieving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into recognizable pattern
- problem
- any situation where you are trying to reach some goal and must find means to do so
- elaborative rehearsal
- keeping info by associating it with something else
- failure avoiding
- who avoid failure by sticking to what they know
- grading on a curve
- norm referenced grading that compares students performance to an average level
- volition
- will power
- social goals
- wide variety of needs and motives to be connected to others or part of a group
- serial position effect
- remembering the beginning and end without middle
- second wave constructivism
- a focus on the social and cultural sources of knowing
- respnse set
- respond in the most familiar way
- cognitive view of learning
- general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring remembering and using knowledge
- assertive discipline
- clear firm unhostile response style
- problem based learning
- methods that provide students with realistic problems that don't necessarily have right answers
- decay
- weakening and fading of memories with passage of time
- massed practice
- single extended periods
- legitimate peripheral participation
- genuine involvement in the owrk of the group
- motivation to learn
- tendency to find academic activities meaningful and worthwhile
- explicit
- long term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall
- constructed response format
- assessment procedures that require the student to create an answer instead of selecting an answer
- precorrection
- a way of preventing serious behavior problems of students who have been labled at risk by directing toward more appropriate actions
- undergeneralization
- exclusion of nonmembers of a category(ostrich doesn't fly)
- locus of causality
- the location-internal or external- of the cause of the behavior
- spreading activation
- retrieval of peices of info based on their relation to eachother
- pygmalian effect
- exceptional progress by a student as a result of high teacher expectations
- conditional knowledge
- "knowing when"
- long term memory
- the goal of teaching; permanent storage
- flashbulb memory
- clear vivid memories of emtionally important events
- warm demanders
- effective teachers with african students who show both high expectations and caring
- procedural knowledge
- demostration, "know how"
- academic learning time
- when students are actually learning
- instructional conversation
- keep every one congnitvely involved
- first wave constructivism
- focus on the individual and pysch sources of knowing
- 4 components for a lesson (weetags)
- example, nonexamples, relevant and irrelevant attributes, name and definition
- vicarious experiences
- accomplishments modeled by someone else
- collaberation
- a philosophy about how to deal with people that respect differences, share authority and build on the knowledge of others
- constructivism
- view that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of info
- mean
- average
- top down processing
- percieving based on the context and the patterns you expect ot occur in that situation
- expository teaching
- present material n complete organized form moving from broad to specific
- extrinsic motivation
- created by external factors
- movement management
- keeping lessons moving at an appropriate pace
- natural/logical consequences
- instead of punishing have students fix the result of their actions
- range
- distance from highest to lowest
- conferences
- proffessional and congenial
- prototype
- best example of a category
- script
- schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event
- domain specific knowledge
- info that is useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic
- median
- middle score
- expository advanced organizer
- provide new knowledge
- individual learning expectations ILE
- personal average score
- reciprocal questioning
- approach where groups ask and answer eachother's questions after a lesson
- mnemonics
- techniques for remembering
- work avoidance learners
- who don't want to learn or to look smart
- bahavioral view of learning
- new behaviors are learned, observation, mental process, knowledge brought to learning situation
- self instruction
- talking self through the steps of a task
- standard scores
- based on the standard deviation
- measurment
- evaluation expressed in quantative terms (numbers)
- failure accepting
- who believe their failures are due to ability and there is nothing they can do
- long term working memory
- holds the strategies for pulling info into working memory
- self management
- use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior
- intrinsic motivation
- associated with activities that are their own reward; internal
- assessment
- procedures used to obtain info about student performance
- interference
- process that occurs when remembering certain info gets in the way
- problem based learning
- provide students with realistic problems that don't have right answers
- gronlund's cognitive objectives
- instructional objectives stated in terms of higher level thinking and operations
- craik and lockhart's levels of processing theory
- recall of info is based on how deeply it's processed
- aptitude test
- tests meant to predict future performance
- central tendency
- typical score for a group of scores
- self fullfilling prophecy
- groundless expectation that's confirmed because it's been expected
- agency
- capacity to coordinate learning skills motivation and emotions
- sensory memory
- system that holds sensory info very briefly
- automacy
- ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks with out much effort
- goal structure
- the way students relate to others who are also working toward a goal
- episodic memory
- info tied to a particular time and place
- halo effect
- the tendency for a general impression of a person to influence our perception of any aspect of that person
- info processing
- human minds activity of taking in, storing and using info
- heuristic
- general strategy used in attempting to solve problems
- domain specific strategies
- applied to reach goals in a particular area
- scripted cooperation
- a learning strategy in which students take turns summarizing material
- jigsaw
- a cooperative structure in which each member is responsible for teaching the others
- incremental view of ability
- belief that ability is a set of skills that can be changed
- entity view ability
- belief that ability is a fixed characteristic
- working backward strategy
- heuristic in which one starts with the goal and moves backwards to solve
- purse option
- in a contract system the chance to revise and improve work
- pretest
- formative test for assessing student's knowledge readiness and abilities
- self regulation
- process of activating thoughts behaviors and emotions in order to reach a goal
- overlapping
- supervised several activities
- assistive technology
- devices, systems and services that support and improve the capabilities of individuals with disabilities
- semantic memory
- memory for meaning
- wiener's attribution theories
- description of how individuals explanations justification and excuses influence their motivation
- contract system
- each student works for a particular grade according to agreed upon standards
- images
- representations based on the physical attributes info
- intuitive thinking
- making imaginitive leaps to correct perceptions or workable solutions
- central executive
- responsible for monitoring and directing attention to other mental resources
- overgeneralization
- inclusion of nonmembers of a category(bats have wings)
- fostering communities
- a system of ineracting activities that results in a self consciously active learning environment
- summative assemssment
- testing that follows instruction and assesses achievement
- radical constructivism
- knowledge is assumed to be the individual's construction; not right or wrong
- discovery learning
- students work on their own to discover basic principles
- chain
- items link together
- reliability
- consistency of test scores
- universal design
- considering the needs of all users as new tools or learning programs
- mager's behavioral objectives
- instructional objectives stated in terms of observable behaviors
- objective testing
- multiple choice matching true fals short answer and fill in testes
- standard error of measurment
- hypothetical estimate of cariation in scores if testing were repeated
- task involved learner
- student who focus on mastery the task or solving the problem
- T score
- standard score with a mena of 50 and a standard deviation of 10
- confidence interval range
- wihtin which an individuals particular score is likely to fall
- chunking
- grouping bits of data into meaningful larger units
- whole language approach
- philosophy that stresses learning through langurage to learn, integrates learning across skills and subjects, respects the language ability of student and teacher
- concept attainment
- way of helping students construct an understanding of specific concepts
- schema driven problem solving
- recognizing a problem as a disguised version of an old problem
- cognitive behavior modification
- procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self task and self instruction
- frequency distribution
- record showing how many scores fall into set groups
- mastery experiences
- own direct experiences (most powerful source of efficacy info)
- expectancy x value theories
- explanations of motivation that emphasize individuals expectations for success combined with their valuing of the goal
- analogical thinking
- heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand
- reciprical determinism
- explanation of behavior that emphasizes the mutual effects of the individual and environment
- self regulated learning
- a view of learning as skills and will applied to analyzing learning tasks, setting goals and applying skills
- academic task
- work the student must accomplish
- action zone
- area of a classroom where the greatest amount of interaction takes place
- I message
- clear nonaccusatory statement of how something is affecting you
- high stakes testing
- standardized tests whose results have powerful influences when used
- concept mapping
- student diagram of understanding
- true score
- the score the student would get if the measurment were completely accurate and error free
- need for autonomy
- desire to have our own wishes rather than external rewards
- high road transfer
- application of abstract knowledge learned in one situation to a different
- differenciated instruction
- matches content process and priduct based on student differences in readiness interests and learning needs
- classroom management
- techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment
- scoring rubrics
- rules that are used to determine the quality of a student performance
- automated basic skills
- applied without conscious
- performance goal
- personal intention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of others
- stem
- question part of multiple choice
- essay testing
- subjective and take longer to grade
- time on task
- time spent actively engaged
- inductive reasoning
- formulating general principles based on knowledge of example
- problem solving
- creating new solutions
- priming
- activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another
- paraphrase rule
- policy where listeners must accurately summarize what a speaker has said
- sustaining expectation effect
- student performance maintained a certain level because teachers don't recognize improvements
- acronym
- first letter spells word
- divergent thinking
- several possible solutions
- metacognitive
- knowledge about our own thinking processes
- propositional network
- set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long term knowledge is held
- inquiry learning
- the teacher presents puzzling situation and students solve problem by forming a conclusion
- authentic assessment
- measurement of important abilities using procedures that stimulate the application of these abilities to real life problems
- bandura's social learning theory
- emphasizing learning through observation, vicarious and modeling
- cognitive apprenticeship
- guideance from a model
- short term
- component that holds infor for about 20 secs
- part learning
- breaking down info into parts
- histogram
- bar graph of a frequency distribution
- rote memorization
- info by repitition without understanding the meaning
- guided discovery
- adaption of discovery learning where the teacher provides some direction
- general knowledge
- info that is useful in many different kinds of tasks
- achievement tests
- standardized tests measuring how much students have learned in a given content area
- cooperation
- working together with others to reach a shared goal
- overlearning
- practicing a skill passed the point of mastery
- stanine score
- whole number scores of 1 to 9 each representing a wide range of raw scores
- visuospatioal sketchpad
- holding system for visual and spatial info