Sociology 1-7
Terms
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- attribute one's achievements and failures to their personal qualities
- Individualistic Explanations
- systematic study of human societies, thoughts, interactions
- Sociology
- Ability to see the impact of massive cultural and historical processes on our private lives
- Sociological Imagination
- People living in the same geographic area who share a culture and whoe members follow the same political authority
- Society
- Named social position in society
- Status
- Set of duties associated with a particular status
- Roles
- People who interact and are conscious of their identity as a unit
- Group
- Network of positions for a specific purpose
- Organization
- Language, beliefs, and behaviors that shape a society
- Culture
- Social position acquired through efforts
- Achieved Status
- Social position given at birth
- Ascribed Status
- Mothers jobs get in the way of her job
- Role Clashing
- Individuals who are together for a long period and have emotional attachment to eachother
- Primary Group
- Impersonal group who are put together to perform a specific task
- Secondary Group
- Set of roles that provides a foundation for behavior (family, religion)
- Social Institutions
- Views society as unequal; benefits some groups at the expense of other groups
- Conflict Perspective
- Artifacts of society; represent adaptations to social environment
- Material Culture
- Knowledge, beliefs, customs that are shared throughout society and separate a society from other ones
- Nonmaterial Culture
- Behaviors and customs that separate it from a larger culture
- Subculture
- Behavior within a social institution that is widely accepted in society
- Institutionalized Norm
- Norm that brings severe punishment when violated (murder)
- More
- Norm that is mildly punished when violated (cutting in line)
- Folkways
- Social response that punishes violations to a social norm (we learn norms when we violate them)
- Sanction
- People's beliefs and activities should be based on their own culture
- Cultural Relativism
- Sexual differentiation is incomplete or ambiguous
- Intersexuality
- One learns how to act according to rules of a culture
- Socialization
- People acquire the values found in statuses they will likely enter in the future
- Anticipatory Socialization
- Learning new values and norms when an adult leaves old role and enters a new one
- Resocialization
- Unique set of traits that separates one person from another
- Self
- Behavior that is triggered by something else
- Reflexive Behavior
- Our perception of how people see us; interpret actions of others towards us as mirrors in which we see ourselves We Realize: -we are distinct from one another - we can know what other people think of us
- Cooley's Looking Glass Self
- Having a sense of oneself and what other people think of you
- Generalized Other
- Ability to see oneself from perspective of others and using that to form one's own behavior
- Role-Taking
- Child develops ability to take role from perspective of ONE person
- Play Stage
- Child acquires ability to take role of a group and conform their behavior to societal expectations
- Game Stage
- Individuals are cut off from society for a long period (military)
- Total Institution
- Most powerful institutional agent of socialization
- Family
- Biological maleness or femaleness
- Sex
- Psychological and social aspects of maleness and femaleness
- Gender
- Presenting a favorable public image of oneself to form positive judgments from others (cosmetic surgery)
- Impression Management
- Study of social life as a theatre Roles - Audience - Script - Props -
- Dramaturgy - image being projected - people who observe behaviors - communication with others - objects used to present image
- Social interaction where people perform to maintain appropriate impressions of themselves
- Front Stage
- Social interaction away from view of audience
- Back Stage
- Action taken to restore a damaged identity
- Aligning Action
- Assertion made to change negative reactions to a behavior that is about to occur
- Disclaimer
- Discredited characteristic that is viewed as an obstacle to trustworthy behavior
- Stigma
- Statement made to explain unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred
- Account
- Marriage to one spouse
- Monogamy
- More than one spouse
- Polygamy
- Married couple sets up residence separate from either spouse's family
- Neolocal
- Live near either spouse's family and share things
- Patrilocal
- Marrying outside of social group
- Exogamy
- Marrying within one's social group
- Endogamy
- Family consisting of parent-child nuclear family and other relatives (grandparents, aunts, uncles)
- Extended Family
- Two or more persons who are related by birth or marriage who live together in a household
- Family
- Living arrangement of one or more people who occupy it
- Household
- Consists of at least one parent and one child
- Nuclear Family