Physiology Lecture I
Terms
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- Darwin attributed the diversity of life to _________, not _____________.
- natural causes, not supernatural creation
- Darwin published__________on Nov, 24, ,____.
-
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
1859 -
Two major points in the Origin are
Evolution-
Natural selection- -
-today's organisms descended from ancestral species
-the mechanism for evolutionary change in populations - Darwin was recommended to be the conversation companion to ____________ on the ________________.
-
RObert FitzRoy
HMS Beagle - Darwin explored...while on the Beagle.
- Brazilian jungles, Argentine pampas, desolate Tierra del Fuego, the Andes, and the Galapagos Islands
- Most of the animals on the Galapagos islands
- lived nowhere else but resembled species living on the South American mainland
- Darwin reasoned that islands were cultivated by _____ that then ________.
-
mainland plants and animals
diversified - In Galapagos finches, clear difference in ____________.
- beaks
- Alfred Wallace
- naturalist who worked in the East Indies, sent Darwin a manuscript w/ a theory of natural selection
- 1859
- Origin of Species published
- Why is the idea of evolution by natural selection attributed to Darwin?
- He came up with the ideas earlier and had extensive research and evidence- moreso than Wallace.
- Darwinism contains_________ as the explanation for similarity and diversity of life and natural selection as the mechanism of __________.
- evolution; adaptation
- Explain evidence of evolution of insecticide- resistant insects.
- Insects are sprayed with a new insecticide; 99% die. The one % that live pass on that trait and therefore create a new entirely resistance generation.
- It is ___________, not __________that evolve.
- populations, not individuals
- Natural selection occurs through an interaction between ________and _________of populations of organisms.
- environment and variability of organisms
- Homology is
-
similarity in trait(s) due to common ancestry
Example: Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, and bats; different functions, but have same skeletal elements. All diverged from ancestral tetrapod forelimb. - homologous structures are
- Similar structures with a common ancestry
- 4 major problems for animals' physiological systems
-
1. how to exract 02 from air
2. how to move
3. how to nourish themselves
4. how to excrete waste - Bioenergetics is
- how to obtain, process, and utilize the energy needed to run the systems involved
- evolutionary adaptation vs physiological adaptation
- evolutionary is an adaptation in a group/ species that is transferred to all members of the group; physiological is an individual adaptation and only gives that individual an ability
- usually a tissue is held together by
- extracellular matrix( complex of molecules that weaves them together to form fibers)
- four main categories of tissues
-
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. nervous
4. muscle - Epithelial covers the outside of the body and functions as a barrier against
- mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss
- Cells at the base of the epithelium are attached to and supported by
- the basal lamina, a dense mat of extracellular matrix
-
Epithelia are classified by:
1.
2. -
1. # of cells they contain
2. shape of cells on the free surface - simple epithelium is
- a single layer of cells
- stratified epithelium is
- multiple layers of cells
- shape of cells: may be (2)
-
cuboidal (cube shaped)
columnar (brick shaped)
squamous (flat) - epithelia that secrete/ absorb compounds of solution
-
glandular epithelia
ex- respiratary secretes mucus to lubricate and moisture - connective tissue functions to
- bind and support
- connective tissues consist of
- a sparse population of cells throughout the matrix ; matrix is usually secreted by the connective tissue cells
- 3 kinds of connective tissue (all proteins)
-
1.Collagenous fibers: made of collagen; nonelastic and resist tearing when pulled lengthwise
2.Elastic fibers: made of elastin; provide rubbery characteristics to the ECM
3.Reticular fibers: made of collagen and weave together to form a fabric-like matrix that joins adjacent tissues. - Major types of connective tissue in vertebrates (6)
-
1. loose connective tissue
2. adipose tissue
3. fibrous connective tissue
4. cartilage
5. bone
6. blood - loose connective tissue binds _________to _________, holding organs in place
- epithelia to underlying tissure
- 2 cells predominate in the loose connective tissue
-
1. fibroblasts- secrete proteins of the extracellular matrix
2.macrophages- engulf bacteria and debris of dead cells by phagocytosis - adipose tissue
- form of loose connective tissue that stores fat- composed of adipose cells distributed throughout matrix
- fat cells stored in ___ ________that swell when fat is stored and shrink when fat is converted to usable energy
- fat droplets
- fibrous connective tissue
- dense network of collagen fibers arranged into parallel bundles
-
fibrous connective tissue makes up ______ which _____
and__________ which -
tendons, which join muscle to bone
ligaments which join bone to bone (joints) - cartilage
- composed of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix of a chondroitin sulfate, a protein-carbohydrate complex.
- Chondrocytes
- cells that secrete collagen & chondroitin sulfate.
- Embryonic skeleton first made of ________ which turns to ____
- cartilage, bone
- cartilage location in
- ears, nose, vertebral disks
- bone is
- a mineralized connective tissue; makes up the skeletons of most vertebrates.
- bone formation begins with
- osteoblasts- deposit collagen matrix