Biology 100 Final Exam
Terms
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- Polygenic inheritance
- many genes determine a single trait
- nondisjunction
- improper separation of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I or sister chromatids in anaphase II
- Mutation
- a random heritable change in the DNA
- point mutation
- changes at the scale of a single or very few nucleotide pairs
- significance of mutations
- ultimate source of genetic variation
- evolution
- change in allele frequencies in a population over time
- natural selection
- survival of the fittest
- Stabilizing Selection
- selects against extremes, ex: human birth weight
- Directional Selection
- selects against one extreme, ex: resistance against antibotics by infectious diseases
- Diversifying Selection
- favors both extremes, population average slected against
- gene flow
- movement of alleles within and between populations
- genetic drift
- changes in allele frequencies due to chance events
- non-random mating
- slection of mating partners NOT random
- macroevolution
- large scale patterns of change in species over long periods of time
- convergent evolution
- different genetic lines from geographically distinct locations which independently evovle similar adaptations in response to similar environmental conditions (cacti & euphorbs)
- co-evolution
- a response in one organism leads to a response in another
- pre-zygotic
- reproductive isolating mechanism, occurs before the zygote is formed
- post-zygotic
- after the zygote is formed, an isolating mechanism
- biodiversity
- the product of speciation over geologic time
- extinction
- a natural phenomenon but modern rates far exceded background rates averaged over time
- recombinant DNA
- recombining DNA from different organisms
- restriction enzyme
- chemical "scissors" cut DNA at precise points
- DNA ligase enzyme
- chemical "glue" use to spice sticky ends of DNA together
- Vector
- mechanism for transferring foreign DNA into a host cell, ie plasmid
- Metabolism
- the acquisition and processing of matter and energy
- flow of biological information
- replication of DNA-transmission of genetic info-gene expressed
- process of evolutionary change
- genetic variation x natural selection x (genetic drift)= adaptation
- independent variable
- item of interest
- dependent variable
- measures the effect of the independent variable
- protons
- positively charged particle located in the nucleus
- neutrons
- particle lacking an electrical charge located in the nucleus
- electrons
- negatively charged particle located in the energy levels
- water
- polar-covalent, has a partial positive and partial negative charge, horms hydrogen bonds
- covalent bond
- sharing of electrons, bonding between atoms to form molecules
- polar
- equal sharing
- nonpolar
- unequal sharing
- hydrogen bonds
- based on positive & negative electrical charges, bonding between molecules
- basic attributes of the biologically important elements
-
1. small in size
2. outer energy levles only partially filled
3. chemically reactive
4. readily combine using covalent bonds, to form large, complex molecules - monomer
- small subunit, hooked together to form polymer
- polymer
- monomers hooked together
- functions of CHOs
- storage, transport, glucose
- characteristics of prokaryotic cells
- small, primitive, simple, reproduce by binary fission
- characteristics of eukaryotic cells
- larger and more structurally complex than prokaryotes, evolutionarily advanced, produce asexually and sexually, include fungi, animals, plants, protists
- Nucleus, limited to eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
- eukaryotic
- Mitochondria, in prokaryotes?
- no, only in eukaryotic cells
- Chloroplast, in eukaryotic?
- Yes, limited to eukaryotes
- Ribosome, common to both?
- Yes, pro & euk
- Do all cells have a cell membrane?
- Yes
- Ecology
- the study of interactions among organisms with one another and the abiotic environment
- population
- group of individuals capable of interbreeding
- communities
- all of the life in a given area
- ecosystems
- all of the life and abiotic sources, interactions in a given area
- density-dependent factors
- predators, competition for food
- density-independent factors
- fires, volcanic activity, freezing
- primary succession
- starts from nothing
- secondary succession
- begins with a community already in place
- simple diffusion
- high to low
- osmosis
- movement of water from high to low
- facilitated diffusion
- high to low, help of a protein carrier
- active transport
- low to high, must invest energy