Human Anatomy (Marieb), ch. 1, minus pp 17-23
Terms
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- anatomy
- the study of the structure of the human body
- morphology
- the science of form
- physiology
- the study of body function
- functional anatomy
- an approach that combines description of the anatomy of a body part with an explanation of its function
- gross anatomy
- the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye
- dissection
- cutting apart
- regional anatomy
- examines all structures in a single body region as a group
- systemic anatomy
- examines all structures with related functions as a group
- surface anatomy
- the study of shapes and markings ("landmarks") on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs
- microscopic anatomy
- the study of structures so small they can only be seen with a microscope
- histology
- tissue study
- developmental anatomy
- tracing the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span and the effects of aging
- embryology
- the study of how body structures form and develop before birth
- pathological anatomy
- structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease
- radiographic anatomy
- the study of internal body structures by means of X rays and other forms of radiation
- functional morphology
- the study of the functional properties of body structures and the assessment of the efficiency of their design
- hierarchy of structural organization
-
1) Chemical level = atoms
2) Cellular level = cells & cellular organelles
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Organ system level
6) Organismal level - metric system
- system of measurement used in anatomy
- micrometer
-
1 millionth of a meter, or 1 ten-thousandth of a centimeter
Symbol: μm - milliliter
-
1 thousandth of a liter
Symbol: mL - anatomical position
- position referred to in anatomical terminology: facing forward, standing erect, arms down and slightly out with palms forward
- appendicular region
- limbs
- axial region
- head and torso
- trunk region
- subset of axial region covering the torso
- right, left
- the right and left of the person or cadaver being viewed
- superior
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
- inferior
- away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below
- anterior
- toward or at the front of the body
- ventral
- toward or at the belly of a vertebrate animal
- posterior
- toward or at the back of the body
- dorsal
- toward or at the back of a vertebrate animal
- medial
- toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
- lateral
- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
- intermediate
- between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- proximal
- closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- distal
- farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- superficial
- toward or at the body surface (also "external")
- external
- toward or at the body surface (also "superficial")
- deep
- away from the body surface; more internal
- nasal
- nose
- oral
- mouth
- cervical
- neck
- acromial
- point of shoulder
- axillary
- armpit
- abdominal
- abdomen
- brachial
- arm
- antecubital
- front of elbow
- antebrachial
- front of forearm
- pelvic
- pelvis
- carpal
- wrist
- pollex
- thumb
- palmar
- palm
- digital
- fingers and/or toes
- pubic
- genital region
- patellar
- anterior knee
- crural
- leg
- pedal
- foot
- tarsal
- ankle
- frontal
- forehead
- orbital
- eye
- buccal
- cheek
- mental
- chin
- sternal
- breastbone
- thoracic
- chest
- mammary
- breast
- umbilical
- navel
- coxal
- hip
- inguinal
- groin
- femoral
- thigh
- fibular
- side of leg, aka peroneal
- peroneal
- side of leg, aka fibular
- hallux
- great toe
- cephalic
- head
- upper extremity
- arms
- manus
- hand
- lower extremity
- legs
- otic
- ear
- occipital
- back of head or base of skull
- vertebral
- spinal column
- scapular
- shoulder blade
- dorsum or dorsal
- back
- olecranal
- back of elbow
- lumbar
- loin
- sacral
- between hips
- gluteal
- buttock
- perineal
- region between anus and external genitalia
- popliteal
- back of knee
- sural
- calf
- calcaneal
- heel
- plantar
- sole
- frontal plane
- lies vertically, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; also called a coronal plane
- coronal plane
- lies vertically, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; also called a frontal plane
- transverse plane
- runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts; also called a horizontal plane
- horizontal plane
- runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts; also called a transverse plane
- cross section
- transverse section
- sagittal plane
- lies vertically and divides the body into right and left parts
- midsagittal plane
- sagittal plane exactly in the midline
- parasagittal plane
- any sagittal plane other than the midsagittal plane
- oblique section
- a section that's not frontal, transverse, or sagittal
- section
- a cut through the body or an organ along a particular plane; a thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic study
- features of a vertebrate
-
1) Tuebe-within-a-tube body plan
2) Bilateral symmetry
3) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
4) Notochord and vertebrae
5) Segmentation
6) Pharyngeal pouches - notochord
- a stiffening rod in the back just deep to the spinal cord
- segments
- repeating units of similar structure that run from the head along the full length of the trunk
- pharynx
- throat region of the digestive tube
- dorsal body cavity
- subdivided into cranial cavity & vertebral cavity; hard, bony walls protect the contained organs
- cranial cavity
- lies in the skull and encases the brain
- vertebral cavity
- runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord
- ventral body cavity
- large anterior closed body cavity, containing the visceral organs
- visceral organs
-
lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys
also called viscera - viscera
-
lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys
also called visceral organs - thoracic cavity
- superior portion of ventral body cavity
- abdominopelvic cavity
- inferior portion of ventral body cavity
- diaphragm
- dome-shaped muscle used in breathing; divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
- pleural cavity
- surrounds a lung
- mediastinum
- central band of organs in the thoracic cavity (heart, esophagus, trachea)
- pericardial cavity
- surrounds the heart
- abdominal cavity
- superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; contains liver, stomach, kidneys, etc.
- pelvic cavity
- inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity; contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
- peritoneal cavity
- surrounds many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
- serous
- watery
- serous membrane
- lines a serous cavity; also called a serosa
- serosa
- lines a serous cavity; also called a serous membrane
- pleura
- serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity in the thorax and covers the external surface of the lung
- pericardium
- double-layered sac that encloses the heart and forms its superficial layer
- peritoneum
- serous membrane that lines the interior of the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the surfaces of the organs in this cavity
- parietal serosa
- the part of a serosa that forms the outer wall of the cavity
- visceral serosa
- the part of a serosa on the inside; covers the organs; continuous with the parietal serosa
- oral cavity
- mouth
- nasal cavity
- within and posterior to the nose
- orbital cavities
- house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
- middle ear cavities
- each lies just medial to an ear drum and are carved into the bone of the skull; contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the inner ears
- synovial cavities
- joint cavities, enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely movable joints of the body
- right hypochondriac region
- upper right region of abdominopelvic cavity
- epigastric region
- upper central region of abdominopelvic cavity
- left hypochondriac region
- upper left region of abdominopelvic cavity
- right lumbar region
- central right region of abdominopelvic cavity
- umbilical region
- central region of abdominopelvic cavity
- left lumbar region
- central left region of abdominopelvic cavity
- right iliac region
- lower right region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called right inguinal region
- right inguinal region
- lower right region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called right iliac region
- hypogastric region
- lower central region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called pubic region
- pubic region
- lower central region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called hypogastric region
- left iliac region
- lower left region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called left inguinal region
- left inguinal region
- lower left region of abdominopelvic cavity; also called left iliac region
- ways to describe region within abdominopelvic cavity
- nine regions or four quadrants
- microscopy
- the examination of small structures with a microscope
- LM
- light microscope
- EM or TEM
- transmission electron microscope
- ultrastructure
- the fine details of cells and tissues, as viewed by electron microscopy
- computed tomography (CT)
- a refined X-ray technology also known as computed axial tomography (CAT)
- computed axial tomography (CAT)
- a refined X-ray technology also known as computed tomography (CT)