Western Civilization Identifications
Terms
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- Polis
- emerged, city-state, political & social urban center (Athens, early Rome)
- Homer
- Homer: 8th B.C. Greek epic poet, wrote the Illiad & the Odyssey
- Lycurgus
- Lycurgus: 7th B.C. Spartan leader, militarized the society, prohibited coinage
- Hoplites
- Hoplites: 7th B.C. changed warfare, no heroes, just lots of men, phalanx formation
- Cleisthenes
- Cleisthenes: 6th B.C. Athenian archon, reformed elections, introduced ostracism
- Cincinnatus
- Cincinnatus: 5th B.C. Roman Consul, appointed dictator for 6 months to defeat the Aequi
- Socrates
- Socrates: 5th B.C. Athenian philosopher, Plato's teacher, reexamine all assumptions
- Thucydides
- Thucydides: 5th B.C. Greek historian, wrote on war between Athens & Sparta
- Sophocles
- Sophocles: 5th B.C. Athenian, wrote /Oedipus at Colonus/, Greek tragedies
- Pericles
- Pericles: 5th B.C. Athenian leader, paid day's wages for assembly participants
- Alexander the Great
- Alexander the Great: 4th B.C. king of Macedonia, conquered known world, founded Alexandria
- Aristotle
- Aristotle: 4th B.C. Athenian philosopher, Plato's student, happiness through virtue
- Plato
- Plato: 4th B.C. Athenian philosopher, wrote /Republic/, said smart "guardians" should rule
- Epicurus
- Epicurus: 4th B.C. Greek philosopher, pleasure & serenity of mind are best good
- Punic Wars
- Punic Wars: 3rd B.C. Rome vs. Carthage, 3 wars, Rome won, destroyed Carthage city in 146
- Stoicism
- Stoicism: 3rd B.C. philosophy, founded by Zeno (Athenian), relative evil, no control
- Zeno
- Zeno: 3rd B.C. Athenian, founded Stoicism, materialist, lack of control in world
- Hannibal
- Hannibal: 3rd B.C. Carthaginian general, invaded Italy, defeated at Zama by Scipio
- Polybius
- Polybius: 2nd B.C. Greek historian, national cycles of growth/decay, liked Rome (balance)
- Gracci Borthers
- Gracchus Brothers: 2nd B.C. Roman tribunes, land law restricts large holdings
- Marius
- Marius: 1st B.C. Roman general, eliminated property requirement for the army
- Pompey
- Pompey: 1st B.C. Roman general, conquered Syria & Palestine, defeated by Caesar
- Sulla
- Sulla: 1st B.C. Roman general, appointed dictator (unlimited term), retired 3 yrs later
- Augustus
- Augustus: 1st B.C. first Roman emperor, public services, tax/monetary reform
- Julius Caesar
- Julius Caesar: 1st B.C. marched on Rome, became dictator, conquered Gaul, Julian calendar
- Cicero
- Cicero: 1st B.C. influential Roman Stoic, orator, and writer
- Nero
- Nero: 1st A.D. Roman emperor, popular w/masses, built "Golden House" and baths
- Tacitus
- Tacitus: 1st A.D. historian, wrote /Agricola/ & /Germania/, moral indictment of Rome
- Tiberius
- Tiberius: 1st A.D. Roman emperor, skilled administrator, problems w/Senate, angered elite
- Hardian
- Hadrian: 2nd A.D. Roman emperor, built wall in Northen Britain, defensive policy
- Neoplatonism
- Neoplatonism: 3rd A.D. philosophy, founded by Plotinus, withdrawal from world, mysticism
- Asceticism
- Asceticism: 3rd A.D. major Neoplatonic doctrine, emancipate soul, subjugate body
- Augustine
- Augustine: 4th A.D. Bishop of Hippo, Christian intellect, human evils & good afterlife
- Constantine
- Constantine: 4th A.D. Roman emperor, Christian, instituted hereditary succession
- Justinian
- Justinian: 6th A.D. eastern Roman emperor, codified Roman law, tried recovering the west
- St. Benedict
- St. Benedict: 6th A.D. founded Benedictine Monks, Latin rule, poverty, chastity, etc.
- Clovis
- Clovis: 6th A.D. established Frankish royal dynasty (Merovingian), Catholic king
- Hegira/Hijrah
- Hegira/Hijrah: 7th A.D. Muslim migration with Muhammad from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)
- Muhammad
- Muhammad: 7th A.D. founded Islam, moved w/followers to Yathrib (Medina) in the Hijrah
- Charles Martel
- Charles Martel: 8th A.D. Frankish king, consolidated Frankish state, beat Muslims at Tours
- Manorialism
- Manorialism: 9th A.D. decentralized govt, self-sufficient manors w/surrounding lands
- Charlemagne
- Charlemagne: 9th A.D. Frankish king, conquered Saxons & converted them, Roman emperor
- Gregory VII
- Gregory VII: 11th A.D. Pope, called on laity to help discipline their priests
- Investiture Controversy
- Investiture Controversy: 11th A.D., can a layman (Henry IV) appoint bishops/abbots?
- Battle of Hastings
- Battle of Hastings: 11th A.D. (1066) William's Normans defeated King Harold's English
- Henry IV
- Henry IV: 11th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, fought Saxons, finally abased himself to the Pope
- Frederick Barbarossa
- Frederick Barbarossa: 12th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, let German princes rule freely
- Henry II
- Henry II: 12th A.D. king of England, instituted grand juries, trial juries, procedures
- Richard I
- Richard I: 12th A.D. "Lionheart", helped lead the 3rd Crusade, able general
- St. Thomas Becket
- St. Thomas Becket: 12th A.D. Archbishop of Canterbury, killed by Henry II's knights
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux: 12th A.D. Cistercian preacher/monk, asceticism
- Boniface VIII
- Boniface VIII: 13th A.D. pope, end of papal monarchy, many disputes with kings
- Dante
- Dante: 13th A.D. wrote Divine Comedy, expelled from Florence
- Dominicans
- Dominicans: 13th A.D. monastic order, fight heresy & convert Jews/Muslims
- Innocent III
- Innocent III: 13th A.D. Pope, summoned 4th Crusade (which failed miserably)
- John I
- John I: 13th A.D. English king, forced by barons to sign Magna Carta
- St. Francis of Assisi
- St. Francis of Assisi: 13th A.D. rich Italian gave away everything, founded Franciscans
- Frederick II
- Frederick II: 13th A.D. Holy Roman emperor, recovered Sicily & Jerusalem
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- St. Thomas Aquinas: 13th A.D. French Dominican, defended faith through reason
- Saint Louis IX
- Saint Louis IX: 13th A.D. French king, well loved, brought peace/prosperity to France
- Philip IV
- Philip IV: 13th A.D. French king, centralized govt, Estates General, reduced papal power
- Magna Carta
- Magna Carta: 13th A.D. document limited royal power in taxes, trials & law
- Chaucer
- Chaucer: 14th A.D. English writer, vernacular literature, Canterbury Tales, human comedy
- Crecy
- Crecy: 14th A.D. Hundred Years' War battle in 1346, outnumbered English beat French
- Edward III
- Edward III: 14th A.D. English king during successful campaigns in France in 100 yrs war
- Estates General
- Estates General: 14th A.D. French assembly, represented clergy, nobility, and populace
- Giotto
- Giotto: 14th A.D. Florentine naturalist painter, first to use perspective
- Hundred Years War
- Hundred Years War: 14th A.D. between France and England, succession of French throne
- Petrarch
- Petrarch: 14th A.D. Italian Renaissance humanist writer, sonnets, committed Catholic
- Black Death
- Black Death: 14th A.D. combined bubonic & pneumonic plagues, reduced populations
- Boccaccio
- Boccaccio: 14th A.D. realist, wrote vernacular prose on love, sex, humor, i.e. people
- Humanism
- Humanism: 15th A.D. Italian Renaissance ideal, study of Latin/Greek language/literature
- Joan of Arc
- Joan of Arc: 15th A.D peasant girl, lead French army against British, series of victories
- Masaccio
- Masaccio: 15th A.D. Italian painter, began perspective/depth, "imitate nature"
- Cosimo de Medici
- Cosimo de Medici: 15th A.D. founded Platonic Academy in Florence
- Leonardo da Vinci
- Leonardo da Vinci: 15th A.D. Florentine artist/engineer/inventor/etc., Mona Lisa
- Leonardo Bruni
- Leonardo Bruni: 15th A.D. civic humanist, writes on importance of Latin & Greek studies
- Calvin
- Calvin: 16th A.D. French protestant & lawyer, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
- Castiglione
- Castiglione: 16th A.D. wrote /The Book of the Courtier/, etiquette, "Renaissance man"
- Zwingli
- Zwingli: 16th A.D. Swiss Catholic priest, started reforms similar to Luther's, moderate
- Spanish Armada
- Spanish Armada: 16th A.D. sent to invade Britain, almost half lost, Protestants win
- Peace of Augsburg
- Peace of Augsburg: 16th A.D. "as the ruler, so the religion", legalized Lutheranism
- Francis Bacon
- Francis Bacon: 16th A.D. lord chancellor of England, "inductive method", experiments
- Charles V
- Charles V: 16th A.D. Holy Roman emperor during Luther & Henry VIII troubles
- Copernicus
- Copernicus: 16th A.D. Polish clergyman/astronomer, earth goes around the sun
- Council of Trent
- Council of Trent: 16th A.D. reaffirms all tenets challenged by Protestant reformers
- Edict of Nantes
- Edict of Nantes: 16th A.D. limited religious freedom to Huguenots, Henry IV of France
- Elizabeth I
- Elizabeth I: 16th A.D. English queen, Tudor, Elizabethan Compromise (marvel of obscurity)
- Erasmus
- Erasmus: 16th A.D. "prince of Christian humanists", popular writer, pacifist
- Habsburgs
- Habsburgs: 16th A.D. Catholic ruling family of Spain, Germany, and Austria
- Jesuits
- Jesuits: 16th A.D. founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, vanguard of Counter-Reformation
- Saint Ignatius Loyola
- Saint Ignatius Loyola: 16th A.D. founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits), Counter-Reformist
- Martin Luther
- Martin Luther: 16th A.D. German monk, justification by faith, began Protestant Reformation
- Machiavelli
- Machiavelli: 16th A.D. Florentine political philosopher, necessity over morality/ideals
- Michelangelo
- Michelangelo: 16th A.D. Florentine painter (worked in Rome), Neoplatonic idealist
- Philip II
- Philip II: 16th A.D. Spanish king, launched Armada against England, lost the Netherlands
- St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre
- St Bartholemew's Day Massacre: 16th A.D. Paris, French Calvinists (protestants) killed
- Bodin
- Bodin: 16th A.D. French lawyer, reestablish state powers, maintain order, unlimited govt.
- Charles I
- Charles I: 17th A.D. English/Scottish king, Petition of Right (against him), civil war
- Junkers
- Junkers: 17th A.D. powerful landlords, gave up rights to govt participation in Prussia
- Locke
- Locke: 17th A.D. English writer/philosopher, Contract Theory of govt, natural law
- Colbert
- Colbert: 17th A.D. Louis XIV's mercantilist finance minister, joint-stock companies
- Cromwell
- Cromwell: 17th A.D. English, lead Independents, overthrew Charles I, became dictator
- Descartes
- Descartes: 17th A.D. one of founders of Scientific Revolution, "I think, therefore I am"
- Galileo
- Galileo: 17th A.D. Italian scientist, promoted Copernican heliocentric views
- Hobbes
- Hobbes: 17th A.D. English philosopher, absolute state power, bad view of human nature
- Louis XIV
- Louis XIV: 17th A.D. "the Sun King" of France, most effective royal absolutist
- Mercantilism
- Mercantilism: 17th A.D. direct govt intervention in economic policy, encouraged colonies
- Richelieu
- Richelieu: 17th A.D. French first minister, suppressed Huguenots, got in 30 Years War
- Newton
- Newton: 17th A.D. English scientist, invented calculus, worked w/optics, gravity, planets
- Pascal
- Pascal: 17th A.D. French moral philosopher, mathematician, made first calculator
- William III (of Orange)
- William III (of Orange): 17th A.D. English king in "Glorious Revolution", anti-Louis XIV
- Glorius Revolution
- Glorious Revolution: 17th A.D. William of Orange, political/religious freedom in England
- Gustavus Adolphus
- Gustavus Adolphus: 17th A.D. Lutheran Sweedish king, invaded Germany to fight Catholics
- Thirty Years War
- Thirty Years War: 17th A.D. Germany/France/England, originally Catholic v. Protestant
- James II
- James II: 17th A.D. King of England, catholic, tried to convert England, tried bishops
- Laissez Faire
- Laissez faire: 18th A.D. economic theory, small government, no interference in economy
- Louis XVI
- Louis XVI: 18th A.D. French king reestablished parlements, limiting monarchy's power
- Maria Theresa
- Maria Theresa: 18th A.D. Austrian empress, statewide primary education, taxed clergy
- Montesquieu
- Montesquieu: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment, wrote /Spirit of Laws/, checks & balances
- Beccaria
- Beccaria: 18th A.D. Enlightenment thinker/writer, rational ideals
- Cottage Industry
- Cottage Industry: 18th A.D. rural Europeans produced & sold wool products in their homes
- Diderot
- Diderot: 18th A.D. Enlightenment thinker and writer
- Hume
- Hume: 18th A.D. Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and historian
- Philosophes
- Philosophes: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment thinkers (Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, etc)
- Physiocrats
- Physiocrats: 18th A.D. Enlightenment economists, simple taxes, land wealth, laissez faire
- Robespierre
- Robespierre: 18th A.D. ruthless French radical leader, member of Committee of Public Safety
- Rousseau
- Rousseau: 18th A.D. French philosophe, popular sovereignty & democracy, govt from people
- Adam Smith
- Adam Smith: 18th A.D. Scottish Enlightenment economist, laissez faire, "invisible hand"
- Voltaire
- Voltaire: 18th A.D. French Enlightenment writer, guest at Frederick the Great's court