nervous system - organization - anatomy
Terms
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- the brain and spinal cord are components of the ___
- CNS
- most of the substance of the brain and spinal cord is composed of ___
- interneurons
- the peripheral nervous system is composed primarily of the dendrites of sensory neurons and axons of ___
- motor neurons
- the axons and dendrites extend from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands and form ___
- nerves
- the spinal cord passes downward from the brain and extends through a bony tunnes found in ___
- vertebrae
- the spinal cord is continuous with the ___
- brain (medula oblongata)
- the inner material of the spinal cord is gray matter, while the outer portions is ___
- white matter
- the three membranes surrounding and protecting the spinal cord are called ___
- meninges
- the outermost membrane surrounding the spinal cord is the ___
- dura mater
- the inner membrane surrounding the spinal cord and having many blood vessels is the ___
- pia mater
- clear, watery fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord and is called ___
- cerebrospinal fluid
- the ventral roots of the spinal cord contain the axons of ___
- motor neurons
- injury to the ventral root of the spinal cord results in a condition called ___
- paralysis
- the nerve tracts carrying information away from the brain through the spinal cord are knowns as ___
- descending tracts
- the spinal cord serves as a coordinating center for the ___
- reflex arc
- the brain receives impulses from the spinal cord as well as from 12 pairs of ___
- cranial nerves
- the brain is composed of two major ____
- hemispheres
- cerebrospinal fluid flows through the cavities of the brain as well as in the ___
- subarachnoid space
- the brain consumes about one quarter of the body's ___
- oxygen
- the inner portion of the brain is mainly composed of white matter while the outer portion is composed of ___
- gray matter
- the numerous convolutions of the brain are called ___
- gyri
- the anterior portion of each hemisphere is occupied by a lobe called the ___
- frontal lobe
- at the posterior portion of the brain hemispheres is a lobe called the ___
- occipital lobe
- the region of the frontal lobe concerned with motor function for speech is ___
- broca's area
- the sense of smell is located deep within a portion of the brain known as the ___
- cerebrum
- the interpretation of visual patterns occurs in the lobe of the brain known as the ___
- occipital lobe
- the cavities of the brain are called the ___
- ventricles
- the brain region lying adjacent to the medulla and serving as a coordinating center for motor activity is the ___
- cerebellum
- the cerebellum is composed of two lateral ___
- hemispheres
- because it is a reflex center for coordinating muscle activity, the cerebellum helps smooth gait and maintain ___
- posture
- the diencephalon is organized into masses of gray matter called ___
- nuclei
- the nucleus of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses into the cerebral cortex is the ___
- thalamus
- the nucleus of the diencephalon that produces hormones stored to be released by the pituitary gland is the ___
- hypothalamus
- emotional experiences such as fear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow are regulated in a ring of tissue at the edge of the brain stem called the ___
- limbic system
- the rounded bulge in the brain stem separating the midbrain from the medulla is the ___
- pons
- the swollen stem of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain is the ___
- medulla oblongata
- in the cerebrum of the brain, impulses cross over to opposite sides of the brain at the ___
- decussation of pyramids
- a network of nerve fibers in the medulla that are responsible for activating the cerebral cortex is the ___
- reticular formation
- the sensory somatic system is composed of spinal nerves and ___
- cranial nerves
- the human body has spinal nerves that number __
- 31 pairs
- the cranial nerve that is concerned with smell is the ___
- olefactory
- the cranial nerve that regulates swallowing nerves and sensitivity of the face, teeth, and tongue is the ___
- trigeminal nerve
- the cranial nerve that has sensory and motor functions with respect to the heart, blood vessels, and organs of the viscera is the ___
- vagus
- the cell bodies of nerves lopcated outside the brain and spinal cord are in groups known as ___
- ganglia
- the spinal nerves communicate impulses between various parts of the body and the ___
- spinal cord
- bodies where spinal nerves combine temporarily before passing to the destination points are known as ___
- plexuses
- the autonomic nervous system operates on a basis that is ___
- involuntary
- the nerve fiber of the autonomic system extending from the ganglion to the body organs is called the ___
- postganglionic neuron
- the nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system duplicate the action of the hormone ___
- epinephrine
- once a crises has passed the body is returned to normal by impulses of the portion of the autonomic nervous system known as the ___
- parasympathetic division
-
cell bodies and axons of interneurons make up most of the substance of the:
a)PNS
b)SNS (sensory)
c)CNS
d)ANS (autonomic) - C
-
the cell bodies of neurons of the PNS are located:
a) in the body organs
b) at the body surface
c)in the sacral vertebrae
d)within or near the CNS - D
-
most nerves contain:
a)only cell bodies
b) only dendrites
c)motor axons and sensory dendrites
d)association neurons only - C
-
all of the following are functions of the PNS except:
a)it interprets sensations & stimuli
b)it connects the body to the external environment
c)it carries response to the muscles and organs
d)it carries stimuli to the CNS - A
-
all the following apply to the spinal cord except:
a)it is continuous with the brain
b)it terminates near the intervertebral disk separating the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
c)the outisde portion is gray
d)it is surrounded by meninges - C
-
all the following are meninges except:
a)the pia mater
b)the corpus mater
c)the arachnoid mater
d)the dura mater - B
-
white matter of the nervous system is white because:
a)cytoplasm is white
b)dendrites are white
c)the pia mater contains white pigments
d)myelin in myelin sheaths is white - D
-
the cerebrospinal fluid may be found:
a)within the dura mater
b)only in the myelin sheath
c)in the central canal of the spinal cord
d)in the cytoplasm of cells of the brain - C
-
the dorsal nerve roots are the sites of:
a)gray matter of the brain
b)cell bodies and axons of sensory nerves
c)oligodendrocytes
d)attachment for the meninges - B
-
destruction of the ventral nerve roots will result in:
a)the inability to move
b)the inability to form cerebrospinal fluid
c)the ability to speak louder than usual
d)the ability to conduct more nerve impulses more efficiently - A
-
the descending tracts in the spinal cord:
a)are composed solely of dendrites
b)have no cell bodies
c)carry impulses for transmission to muscles and glands
d)are extensions of the sensory organs at the body surface - C
-
all the following functions are associated with the hypothalamus except:
a)water balance
b)regulation of body temp.
c)math calculations
d)regulation of body weight - C
-
nerve cells located in the midbrain function as:
a)reflex centers
b)producers of hormones
c)hearing centers
d)sensor for pain and heat - A
-
the glossopharyngeal nerve has sensory & motor functions relating to the:
a)ears and eyes
b)taste buds and eyes
c)tongue and pharynx
d)heart and blood vessels - C
-
all the following are activities controlled by the vagus nerve except:
a)activation of the cerebral cortex
b)regulation of breathing activites
c)control of the rate of heartbeat
d)smooth muscle contraction in certain blood vessels - A
-
the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves make up the:
a) CNS
b)spinal cord
c) SNS (somatic)
d) ANS (autonomic) - C
-
all the following apply to the autonomic nervous system except:
a)it operates on an involuntary basis
b) it consists of sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
c)it does not include cranial nerves
d)it is composed of preganglioni - C
- the peripheral nervous system is composed of the (axons) and dendrites of motor neurons and sensory neurons.
- true
- the the average adult, the spinal cord appears as a (mass) of tissue approximately 18 inches in length.
- cord
- the spinal cord begins anatomically at the (obturator foramen) of the occipital bone.
- foramen magnum
- the spinal cord is surrounded & protected by three membranes known as (sarcolemmas)
- meninges
- the middle, thin, netlike covering of the spinal cord is the (dura mater)
- arachnoid
- the watery fluid found bathing the spinal cord and brain is known as (plasma)
- cerebrospinal fluid
- projections located aong each side of the spinal cord are referred to as (nerve roots)
- true
- injury to the (ventral root) of the spinal cord leads to a loss of sensation and a condition called anesthesia.
- dorsal root
- the ascending and descending tracts provide a ststem of communication between the muscle and glands and the (spinal cord)
- brain
- the function of memory is associated most closely with the (spinal cord)
- brain
- the three major portions of the brain are the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the (pons)
- cerebrum
- a shallow groove occurring within the brain tissue is correctly known as a (gyrus)
- sulcus
- the parietal lobe is located posterior to the frontal lobe and is seperated from it by the (lateral sulcus)
- central sulcus
- a person's intelligence, personality and ability to initiate voluntary responses to stimuli are located in the brain portion called the (cerebrum)
- true
- centers for hearing are located in the cerebrum in the (occipital lobe)
- temperal lobe
- the fourth cranial nerve, known as the (abducens), is responsible for eye movement
- trochlear
- the cavities within the brain carry cerebrospinal fluid and number (five)
- four
- the cerebellum communicates with other parts of the central nervous system by three pairs of nerve tracts called (cerebellar peduncles)
- true
- the thalamus and hypothalamus both are located within the (brain stem)
- diencephalon
- the sensations of huner, the regulation of body weight and temperature and the water balance of the body are all associated with the (hypothalamus)
- true
- nerve fibers from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum pass through a rounded bulge know as the (corpus corpora)
- pons
- the rate of heartbeat and the contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels walls are both regulated by impulses from the (medulla oblongata)
- true
- sensory and motor neurons are the principal components of the PNS
- true
- the (cranial) nerves are grouped as cervical, thoraci, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves
- spinal
- the autonomic nervous system operates on a (voluntary) basis.
- involuntary.