psych2260
Terms
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- Somatogenesis
- idea that something wrong with the body will disturb throught and actions
- Violation of norms
- one's behavior/expressed thoughts makes or threatens to make subject as well as observers anxious when observing it
- Personal distress
- behavior creates great distress and torment in the person doing it
- Psycopathology
- field of psychology concerned with the nature and deveopment of abnormal behavior, thoughtss, and feelings
- Statistical infrequency
- infrequent behaviorm outside the limits of the "NORMAL CURVE" (statistical measure)
- Psychogenesis
- 19th and 20th century change; Western European view: attributing mental disorders to psychological malfunctions; hysteria-THAT WERE SEEN TO CAUSE psychological diseases
- Abnormal Behavior
- the presence of several characteristics indicated by: statistical infrequency, violation of norms, personal distress, disability or dysfunction, and unexpectedness
- Unexpectedness
- if one shows unreasonable distress and/or disability as a reply to otherwise considered normal events
- disability or dysfunction
- impairment to act or function in everyday life (work, home, family, etc) shown by arguements (unreasonable) and expectations, etc
- paradigm
- a conceptual framework or approach within which a scientist works a set of basic assumptions outlining a particular scientific inquiry for collecting and interpreting data
- biological paradigm
- a continuation of the somatogenetic hypothesis that holds that mental disorders are caused by aberrant somatic, biological or bodily disorders (Impacts: herdity peredispositions vs. Environmental, etc. "nature vs nurture"
- behavior genetics
- study of individual differences in behavior that are attributable in part to differences in genetic makeup
- genotype
- total genetic makeup of a person consisting of inherited genes (invisible and unchangeable)
- phenotype
- observable characteristics of a preson (anxiety, behavior, etc. changes can be from environmental effects
- neurons
- consists of soma (cell body), dendrites (arms-extension), axons (long-thin extension from a cell body), and terminal buttons (on the end of axons)
- nerve impulse
- soma (cell body) receives stimulus through dendrites, causing electrical potential in a cell, traveling down the acon to terminal buttons
- neurotransmitters
- chemical substances that- when cell is stimulated- fire electrically between other cells, from the "terminal buttons" across the gap between neurons. The gap is called "synaptic gap or synapse"
- Freudian Psychoanalysis ID
- is the energy to run the psyche (mind)
- Freudian Psychoanalysis Pleasure Principle
- the urge for immediate satisfaction of urges for food, water, elimination, and sex. This is the biological energy, called libido, which concerts into psychic energy
- Freudian Psychoanalysis EGO
- conscious part of the psyche (develops in the second 6 months of life) the part of personality that deals with reality regulates ID
- Freudian Psychoanalysis Secondary Process
- planning and decision making of the EGO
- Freudian Psychoanalysis Reality Principle
- the EGO's ability to mediate between demands of reality and the imediate gratification desired by the ID
- Freudian Psychoanalysis SUPEREGO
- the conscience/ethics part of the psyche or personality
- psychodynamics
- the complex interplay of the personality forces posited by freud (ID, EGO, SUPEREGO)
- Unconscious
- (NOT Subconcious) factors that patients are aware of (i.e. repress) into a part of their psyche
- defense mechanism
- discomforts experienced by rise of anxiety -repression, projection, displacement, reaction, regression, rationalization, sublimination, denial-
- repression
- pushing unacceptable thoughts and impulses into unconscious
- projection
- attributing unacceptable desires and thoughts to external agents (it is not YOU who is misbehaving, it is others who do so towards you)
- displacement
- redirecting emotional responses from one person to another (cant scream at the boss or teacher, so you take it out on your wife or siblings at home)
- reaction formation
- convert one's feelings- like hate- into the opposite (hypocrisy)
- regression
- retreat in behavior to an earlier pattern/age
- rationalization
- inventing a reason for an unreasonable action/attitude
- sublimination
- converting sexual or aggressive impulses into socially valued behaviors (ex: sports to act out agressiveness/hostility)
- denial
- flat unacceptance of undesirable or unwanted impulse, beyond that of repression
- jung (C.G.) & analytical psychology
- blend of freudian and humanistic psychology deemphasized biological drives and posited the concept of self realization, state of fulfillment that occurs when a person balances and gives expression to all the positive and creative aspects of his/her personality
- collective unconscious
- the total information from the social history and experiences of mankind
- Adler (A) individual psychology
- focused on individual phenomenology the ability to overcome a sense of inferiority striving for superiority all people are tied to their society rational thinking sibling rivalries prevention of problems
- Erikson (E) Psuchosocial or EGO psycholohy
- maily concentrated on human development posited the 8 stages of human development, in each stage a crisis (dichotomy) to be resolbed his whole emphasis was on te merging/mixing of the psychoanalytic with the social (environmental) interaction that gives the bases/results of human development
- psychoanalytical therapy
- sessions that consist of verbal emissions from the patient with little if any input by analyst
- operant (instrumental) conditioning (skinner)
- eliciting desirable behavior by rewarding (reinforcing) its occurrence, to assure repetition. Thus this is behavior that operates on the environment
- sucessive approximantion
- learning attained by performing step-by-step various behaviors and receiving reinforcement each time, until a full learning of a performance is learned
- cognative behavior therapy
- attempting to change the THINKING habits of a patient and influencing their emotions and thus their behavior
- Bandura's "social learning theory"
- learning can occur "vicariously" (through observing others behave a certain way) and one learns by watching models perform behaviors and judging those desirable, putting them into memory and recall them and perform them when occasion arises
- self-efficacy
- belief that one can acheive desired goals by the expectation of having the ability (and MEMORY of past observation) to perform that what is needed to reach the goal
- Diathesis
- constitutional predisposition towards illness and/or any characteristic of a person that increases his/her chance of developing a disorder