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- Acceptance Speech
- A speech of thanks for an award, nomination, or other honor
- Accommodation
- Sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of other people
- ad hominem
- an attack on irrelevant personal charateristics of the person who is proposing an idea, rather than on the idea itself
- after-dinner speech
- An entertaining speech, usually delivered in conjunction with a mealtime meeting or banquet
- agenda
- A written list or description of the items and issues that a group will discuss during a meeting
- alliteration
- the repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consanant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence
- analogy
- A comparison; also, a special type of inductive reasoning that compares one thing, person, or process with another to predict how something will preform or respond
- analysis
- examination of the causes, effects, and history of a problem to understand it better
- andragogy
- the art and science of teaching adults
- anecdote
- An illustration or a brief story
- antithesis
- opposition, such as that used in two-part sentences whose parts have parallel structures but contrasting meaning
- appeal to misplaced authority
- use of the testimony of an expert in a given field to endorse an idea or product for which the expert does not have the appropriate credentails or expertise
- articulation
- the production of clear and distinct speech sounds
- attend
- focus on incoming information
- attitude
- a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably towards something' like or dislike
- audience adaption
- the process of ethicaly using information about an audience in order to adapt one's message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective
- audience analysis
- the process of examining information about those who are expected to listen to a speech
- AutoContent Wizard
- In PowerPoint, a feature that provides suggestions and ideas for the new presentation being created
- bandwagan fallacy
- Reasoning that suggests that beause everyone else believes something or is doing something, than it must be valid or correct
- bar graoh
- a graoh in which bars of various lengths represent information
- behavioral objective
- statement of the specific purpose of a speech, expressed in terms of desired audience behavior at the end of the speech
- belief
- an individuals perception of what is true and false
- blank presentation
- in PowerPoint, a function that enables the user to create a slide design by choosing layout, colors, graphics, fonts, and organization of content
- blueprint
- the central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas
- bookmark
- a browser feature that allows a user to save a URL for future reference
- Boolean search
- an advanced Web-searching technique that allows the user to narrow a subject or jey work search by adding various requirements
- boom microphone
- a micrphone that is suspended from a bar and moved to follow the speaker; often used in tv
- brief illustration
- an unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long
- browser
- software that accesses web sites and web pages
- casual fallacy
- a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events
- causal reasoning
- reasoning in which the relationship between two or more events leads you to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others
- cause-and effect organization
- organization that focuses on a situation and its caused or a situation and its effects
- central idea
- a one-sentence summary of a speech
- channel
- the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to recieve
- charisma
- a form of dynamism characteristic of a talented, charming, attractive speaker
- chronological organization
- organization by time and sequence
- closure
- the quality of a conclution that makes a speech "sound finished"
- code
- a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
- cognitive dissonance
- the sense of mental discomfort that prompts a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized throught patterns
- commemorative address
- A speech delivered during ceremonies held in memory of some past event and often the person or persons invloved
- commencement address
- a speech delivered at a graduation or commencement ceremony
- competence
- an aspect of a speakers credibility that reflects whether the speaker is percieved as infomed, skilled, and knowledgeable
- conclusion
- the logical outcome of a deductive arguement, which stems from the major premise and the minor premise
- connotation
- the meaning listeners associate with a word, based on past experiences
- consensus
- the support and commitment of all group members to the decition of the group
- context
- the environment or situation in which the speech occurs
- credibility
- an audience's perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgable and dynamic
- criteria
- standards for identifying an acceptable aolution to a problem
- critical listening
- evaluation the quality of information, ideas, and arguements put forth by a speaker
- critical thinking
- making judgements about the conclution presented in what you see, hear, and read
- culture
- a learned system of knoledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people
- declamation
- a delivery of an already famous speech
- decode
- to translate verbal or nonverbal smbols into ideas and images that sonstitute a message
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning that moves from a general statement or principle to a specific, certain conclusion
- definition by classification
- a "dictionary definition" consturcted by first placing a term in the general class to which is belongs and then differentiating it from all other members of that class
- delivery outline
- condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed
- demagogue
- a speaker who gains control over others by using enethical emotional pleas and appeals to listener's prejudices
- demographic audience analysis
- analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message
- demographics
- statistics on population characteristics such as age, sexual orientation, race, gener, educational level, and religious views
- denotation
- the literal meaning of the word
- derived credibility
- the perception of a speaker's credibility that an audience forms during the speech
- disposition
- the orderly organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations in a speech
- dynanmism
- an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is percieved as energetic
- either/or fallacy
- the oversimplification of an issue into a choice between only two outcomes or possibilities
- elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion
- the theory that listeners can be persuaded sirectly, by logic, reasoning, and evidence, or indirectly, by the overall emotional impact of the message
- elocution
- the expression of emotion through posture, movemt, gestures, facial expression, and voice
- embedding
- in a PowerPoint, the insertion of charts, pictures, equations, or other objects into a presentation
- encode
- to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symobols
- ethics
- the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
- ethnic vernacular
- a variety of english that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group
- ethnicity
- the portion of a person's cultural background that related to a national or religious heritage
- ethos
- the term Aristotle used to refer to a speaker's credibility
- eulogy
- a speech to tribute to someone who has died
- expert testimony
- an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject under discussion
- extemporaneous speaking
- speakin from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech
- external noise
- physical sounds that interfere with communication
- fallacy
- false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguements that are irrelevent or inapproporiate
- figurative analogy
- a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some feature on which the comparison depends
- figurative of speech
- language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid,and memorable
- full-text database
- an indexing system, available on the World Wide Web or on CD-ROM, the provides not only bibliographic data but also full texts of entries
- general purpose
- the overarching goal of a speech- to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
- generalization
- an all-encompassing statement
- hard evidence
- factual examples and statistics
- hasty generalization
- a conclustion reached without adequate evidence
- hyperbole
- exaggeration
- hypothetical illustration
- an example that might happen but that has no actually occured
- illustration
- a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussin
- immediacy
- the degree of physical or psychological closeness between people
- immediacy behaviors
- nonverbal expressions of closeness to and liking for an audience, made through such means as physical approach or eye contact
- inductive reasoning
- reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to reach a general, probable conclusion
- inference
- a conclusion based on partial information or an evalutation that has not been directly observed
- inflection
- the variation of the pitch of the voice
- initial credibility
- the impression of a speaker's credibility that listeneers have before the speaker starts a speech
- internal noise
- anything physiological or psychological that interferes with communication
- inversion
- reversal of the normal word order of a phrase or sentence
- jargon
- the specialized language of a profession
- keynote address
- a speech that sets the theme and tone for a meeting or confrence
- lavalier microphone
- a microphone that can be clipped to an article of clothing or worn on a cord around the neck
- lay testimony
- an opinion or description offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experence of something
- listening styles
- preffered ways of making sense out of spoken messages
- literal analogy
- a comparison between two similar things
- literary quotation
- an opinion or description by a writer, expressed in a memorable and often poetic way
- logic
- a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion
- logos
- literally, "the word"; a term Aristotle used to refer to logic- the formal system of using rules to reach a conclusion
- major premise
- a general statement that is the first element of a syllogism
- malapropism
- the mistaken use of a word that sounds like the intended word
- manuscript speaking
- reading a speech from a written text
- mapping
- use of geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another
- master view
- in PowerPoint, a function that allows a user to view text or images that are to appear on every slide, notes on page, or handout
- memorized speaking
- delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes
- message
- the content of the speech plus the way it was said
- metaphor
- an implied comparison between two things or concepts
- minor premise
- a specific statement about an example that is linked to the major premise; the second element of a syllogism
- motivation
- an internal force that drives people to achieve their goals
- myth
- a belief based on the shared values, cultural heritage, and faith of a group of people
- nomination speech
- A speech that officailly recommends someone as a candidate for an office or position
- non sequitur
- Latin for "it does not follow"; an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to or follow from the previous idea or conclusion
- nonverbal communication
- communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning
- nonverbal-expectancy theory
- a communication theory suggesting that if listeners' expectaions about how communication should be expressed are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message
- omission
- leaving out a word or phrase the listener expects to hear
- operational definition
- a definition that explains how something works or what it does or that describes procedures for observing or measuring the concept being defined
- oral citation
- the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication
- parallelism
- use of the same grammatical pattern for two or more clauses or sentences
- pathos
- term used by Aristotle to refer to appeals to emotion
- pedagogy
- the art and science o teaching children
- personifaction
- the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas
- persuasion
- the process of changing or reinforcing a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior
- pitch
- highness and lowness of voice sounds
- prejudice
- preconcieved opinoins, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, or thing
- preliminary bibliography
- a list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech
- preparation outline
- a detailed outline that includes main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material and that may also include a speech's specific purpose, introduction, blue-print, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclution
- presentation aid
- anything tangible (drawings, charts, graohs, video images, photographs, posters, music) that helps communicate an idea to an audience
- presentation speech
- the speech that accompanies the presentation of an award
- primacy
- arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the most to the least important
- primary source
- the origonal collector and interpreter of information or data
- problem-and-solution organization
- organization that focuses on a problem and various solutions and the problems it would solve
- pronunciation
- the proper use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately
- proposition
- a statement with which a speaker wants an audience to agree
- proposition of fact
- a proposision that focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen
- proposition of policy
- a proposition that advocates a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior
- proposition of value
- a proposition that calls for a listener to judge the worh or importance of something
- psychological audience analysis
- analysing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develop a clear an effective message
- public relations speech
- a speech designed to inform the public,to strengthen alliances with them and in some cases to recomment policy
- pun
- a verbal device that used double meanings to create humor
- reciever
- a listener or an audience member
- reciever apprehension
- a fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken messages of others
- recency
- arrangement of the ideas in a speech from the least to the most important
- red herring
- irrelevant facts of information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion
- reflective thinking
- a method of structuring a problem-solving discussion that involves (1) identifying and defining the problem (2) analyzing the problem (3) generating a possible solutions (4) selecting the best solution and (5) testing and implementing the solution
- regionalism
- a word or phrase used uniquely by speakers in one part of the country
- repetition
- use of key words or phrase more than once for emphasis
- rhetoric
- the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
- rhetorical criticism
- the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages
- rhetorical question
- a question intended to provaoke thought, rather than elicit an answer
- rhetorical strategies
- methods and techniques used by speakers to achieve their goals
- secondary source
- an individual, organization, or publication that reports information or data gathered by another entity
- self-actualization
- the need to achieve one's highest potential
- signpost
- a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to another
- simile
- a comparison between two things that uses the word like or as
- situational audience analysis
- examining the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message
- small group communication
- interation among from three to twelve people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging tothe group and influence one another
- social judgement theory
- the theory that listener's responses to persuasive messages fall in the latitude of acceptance, the latitude of rejection, or the latitude of noncommitment
- socioeconomic status
- a person's precieved imporatanceand influence based on factors such as income, occupation and education
- soft evidence
- supporting material based on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, description, explanations, definitions, anaologies, and opinions
- spatial organization
- arrangement of ideas in a speech according to location or position
- specific purpose
- a concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do when you finish speaking
- speech act
- a behavior, such as burning a flag, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
- speech of introduction
- a speech that provides information about another speaker
- speech to inform
- a speech that shares information with others about ideas, concepts, principles, or processes in order to enhance their knowledge or understanding
- spoonerism
- a play on words involving the switching of the initial sounds of the words in a phrase
- stacks
- a collection of books in a library
- standard outline form
- numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among the parts of speech
- stationary microphone
- a microphone attached to the potium, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor
- suspension
- withholding a key word or phrase until the end of the sentence
- syllogism
- a three-part way of developing an arguement, using a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
- target audience
- a specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence
- terminal credibility
- the final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after the speech concludes
- thesaurus
- a list of words and their synonyms
- topical organization
- organization of the natural divisions in a central idea on the basis of recency, primacy, complexity, or the speakers prefrence
- transformational leadership
- the process of influencing others by building a shared vision of the future, inspiring others to achieve, developing high-quality individual relationships with others, and helping people see how what they do is related to a larger framework or system
- trustworthyness
- an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is percieved as believable and honest
- typeface
- a set of fonts that have characteristics in common
- understand
- to assign meaning to the stimuli to which you attend
- value
- an enduring concept of right and wrong, good and bad
- verbal irony
- a statement that expresses the exact opposite of the intended meaning
- wit
- a statement that concludes in an unexpected way