Anatomy and Physiology, glands and hormones
Terms
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- what parts of the thyroid do i need to know?
- follicle and parafollicular cell (area)
- what parts of the pancreas do i need to know?
- islets of Langerhans
- what parts of the pituitary do i need to know?
- adenohypophysis (anterior), neurohypophysis (posterior), infundibulum
- what parts of the ovary do i need to know?
- ovarian (Graffian) follicle with ovum, corpus luteum
- what parts of the testes do we need to know?
- seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells
- what parts of the adrenal do we need to know?
-
capsule, cortex and medulla
(zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis) - what part of the adrenals are divided into zonas?
- the cortex
- name the zonas of the adrenals?
- zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularlis
- how many glands (complete with their hormones and functions) do I need to know?
- 10 (counting pituitary front and back as one)
- how many hormones does the adenohypophysis emit?
- 7; but i only have to know the function of 6
- name the hormones the adenohypophysis emits
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Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); also known as thyrotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - Name the two hormones the neurohypophysis produces
-
oxytocin (OT)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the thyroid gland?
-
2: thyroid hormone (TH) also known as thyroxin
calcitonin - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the parathyroid gland?
- 1; the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the adrenal medulla?
-
2;
norepinephrine
epinephrine - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the pancreas?
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2;
insulin
glucagon - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the ovary?
-
2;
estrogen
progesterone - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the testes?
-
1;
testosterone - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the thymus?
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1;
thymosin - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the pineal gland?
-
1;
melatonin - name the 10 glands i need to know
-
pituitary
adenohypophysis - anterior
neurohypophysis - posterior
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
pancreas
ovary
testes
thymus
pineal gland - what are the effects of Growth Hormone?
-
GH affects
liver
muscle
bone
cartilage
other tissue
stimulates growth
mobilizes fats
spares glucose - what are the functions of TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone?
-
thyroid gland
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone - what are the functions of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
-
adrenal cortex
promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens hormone - what are the functions of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
-
ovaries and testes
in females, stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production
in males, stimulates sperm production - what are the functions of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
-
ovaries and testes;
in females, triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
in males, promotes testosterone production - what are the functions of prolactin (PRL)?
-
breast secretory tissue
promotes lactation - what are the functions of oxytocin?
-
uterus:
stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor
breast: initiates milk ejection - what are the functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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kidneys:
stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water - what are the functions of thyroxin?
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all cells;
increases glucose metabolism - what are the functions of calcitonin?
-
bones;
decreases blood calcium levels - what are the functions of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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bone:
increases blood calcium levels - what are the functions of aldosterone?
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kidneys;
increased blood levels of sodium and
decreased blood levels of potassium
since water reabsorption accompanies sodium retention, blood volume and blood pressure RISE - what are the functions of cortisol?
-
body cells:
promote gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia
mobilize fats for energy metabolism
stimulate protein catabolism
assist body to resist stressors;
depress inflammatory and immune responses - what are the functions of androgens?
-
insignificant effects in adults;
the adrenally produced hormones may be responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause - what are the functions of epinephrine?
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sympathetic nervous system target organs;
effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation
increase heart rate and metabolic rate
increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction - what are the functions of insulin?
-
all cells
decrease blood glucose levels
influences protein and fat metabolism - what are the functions of glucagon?
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liver
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and from noncarbohydrate molecules
release of glucose to the blood by liver cells, which causes blood sugar levels to rise - what are the functions of estrogens?
-
sexual organs
responsible for maturation of the reproductive organs and the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics of females at puberty
with progesterone, promote breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa - what are the functions of progesterone?
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sexual organs;
breast development and cyclic changes in the uterine mucosa - what are the functions of testosterone
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sexual organs;
initiates the maturation of the male reproductive organs and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and sex drive
necessary for normal sperm production and maintains the reproductive organs in their mature functional state in adult males - what are the functions of melatonin
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melatonin concentrations in the blood rise and fall in the diurnal cycle
peak levels occur during the night and make us drowsy
lowest levels occur around noon - what are the functions of thymosin?
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immune system;
activates immune system - what are the functions of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?
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influence the course of pregnancy
stimulates estrogen production - how many and what are the names of the hormones emitted by the adrenal cortex?
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3;
mineralcorticoids
as in aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)
glucocorticoids
as in cortisol (zona fasciculata)
gonadocorticoids
as in androgens (zona reticularis)