Vertebrate Anatomy Test II
Terms
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- top, nonvascular layer of skin
- epidermis
- lower, vascular layer of skin
- dermis
- this embryonic structure forms the epidermis
- ectoderm
- this embryonic structure forms the dermis
- mesodermal dermatome
- name the standard layers of the skin, top to bottom
-
1. stratum corneum
2. stratum germinatum
3. basal membrane
4. blood vessels
5. collagen and smooth muscle fibers - name some functions of the integument
-
1. protection
2. extroreception
3. respiration
4. excretion
5. thermoregulation
6. locomotion
7. homeostasis
8. sexual/species signaling
9. production of vitamin D
10. prevention of dessication
11. color and camoflage - extant fishes have ____________ skin covered by ______
- nonkeratinized, mucous
- in extant fishes, the dermis gives rise to _____ _____ and _____ _______
- dermal bone, dermal scales
- what are some functions of the mucous on fish integument?
-
1. protection
2. reduction of friction
3. precipitation of particles suspended in water
4. maintenance of osmotic balance - what do some amphibian glands produce for protection?
- alkaloids or poisons
- large, platelike reptilian scales
- scute
- reptilia: dermal abdominal bones
- gastralia
- cells responsible for pigmentation of integument
- melanophores/chromatophores
- aves: sebaceous gland at base of tail
- uropygial gland
- aves: integumentary gland found in marine birds
- salt gland
- name four specializations of the mammalian integument
-
1. hair
2. glands
3. nails/claws/hooves
4. horns/antlers - the site of active cell division in skin is called the--
- germinal layer
- what is the name of the smooth muscle with origin on the dermis and insertion on the shaft of a hair?
- arrector pili
- another name for an animal's coat of fur
- pelage
- long, coarse outer hairs
- guard hairs
- sensory organs, extension of hair
- vibrissae
- modification of hair used for protection from predators
- quills
- name the layers of a hair, from outside in
-
1. cuticle
2. cortex
3. medulla - what is the name for the patterns in which hair grows?
- hair tracts
- what is the formal name for oil-producing glands? name some derivations of this type of gland.
- sebaceous glands; wax and meibomian glands (ear and eye, respectively)
- where are sweat glands found in high concentration?
- friction ridges on hands and feet
- the hard and soft part of nails and claws are called:
- unguis, subunguis
- the outer covering of bone
- periosteum
- circles of bone formation connected to each other by canals (name the formation and the canals)
- lamellae, Volkmann's canals
- this canal supplies the bone lamellae
- Haversian canal
- spongy bone (_______ bone) is mostly hollow, connected by spicules called ________
- cancellous, trabeculae
- _______ bone formation begins in cartilage, with the primary ossification center located in the _______
- endochondral, diaphysis
- secondary ossification centers begin at the _______, and growth occurs at the ________ _________
- epiphyses, epiphyseal plate
- when ossification begins in the mesenchyme, it's called _______ and is formed in what way?
- intramembranous, flat sheets
- this type of connective tissue links bones together
- ligaments
- this type of connective tissue links muscle to bone
- tendons
- when mature connective tissue ossifies, a _________ bone is formed
- sesamoid
- the part of the skull most closely associated with the senses
- chondrocranium
- section of the skull that supposedly developed from mandibular arches
- splanchnocranium
- section of the skull that forms protective outer layer of bone
- dermatocranium
- name the 5 bone series of the dermatocranium
-
1. facial
2. orbital
3. vault
4. temporal
5. palatal - jaw attachment in which there is a single point of articulation at the palatoquadrate
- autostylic
- jaw attachment in which there is are two points of articulation at the palatoquadrate and hyomandibula
- amphistylic
- jaw attachment with multiple points of articulation at the hyomandibula and other mobile attachments
- hyostylic
- name the three "ancestral" bones that form the inner ear and their mammal homologues
-
hyomandibula --> stapes
quadrate --> incus
articular --> malleus - type of cranial kinesis with transverse hinge across skull root
- metakinesis
- type of cranial kinesis with hinge behind orbit
- mesokinesis
- type of cranial kinesis with hinge in front of orbit
- prokinesis (either monokinetic or dikinetic)
- the pelvic girdle forms only by _________ ossification
- endochondral
- the _____ is a structure in birds analagous to phalanges
- manus
- a pointed-toe posture
- unguligrade
- a posture resting on the phalanges
- digitigrade
- human posture, suited for walking
- plantigrade
- muscles that originate proximally and insert distally
- extrinsic
- muscles that originate distally and insert proximally
- extrinsic
- helping muscles
- synergists
- a prime moving muscle
- agonist
- muscle that reverses primary movement
- antagonist
- this process causes muscle to place itself in between vertebrae, allowing for attachment between them
- scleratomal resegmentation
- ______ muscle insertions create strength, ________ insertions allow speed
- distal, proximal
- this jaw structure allows some degree of free rotation to the quadrate against its dorsal connection with the braincase
- streptostyly
- name 6 functions of muscle
-
1. movement
2. protection
3. heat production
4. noise
5. electricity
6. protein source - abduct:adduct::
- away:towards
- name some examples of dermal muscle
-
panniculus carnosus (mole skin)
curling hedgehog
quivering horse - name the chin muscle in mammals
- platysma
- respiration requires
- highly vascular membranes and thin, moist epithelia
- the moving of oxygenated medium across an exchange surface is called
- ventilation
- the loss of O2 in blood by pumping it though capillaries is called
- perfusion
- arising in the walls of pharyngeal pouches and supported by the pharyngeal arches, these structures exchange oxygen in a watery environment
- internal gills
- the number of this respitory structure are associated with general activity level
- gill filaments
- this structure keeps debris from entering the gills
- gill raker
- name the three types of gills and their structure
-
1. pseudobranch (reduced 1st gill slit)
2. helobranch (lamellae on both ant/post septum)
3. hemibranch (lamellae on only one side) - how do gills osmoregulate?
- by excreting nitrogenous wastes and C02
- from where do lungs develop embryonically?
- an outpocketing of the foregut
- this type of air bladder has a permanent connection with the pharynx
- physostomous
- this type of air bladder maintains seperation between the air bladder and pharynx
- physoclistus
- the capillary bed of the air bladder is called
- rete mirabile
- name the respiratory pattern in the following groups: 1. fish, 2. aves, 3. mammals
-
1. countercurrent
2. crosscurrent
3. uniform pool (tidal) - what motion assists with turtle respiration, and why does it need assistance?
- movement of the legs; the restriction is due to the inflexible carapace
- pleuriperitoneal cavities belong in which group?
- amphibians
- pleural cavities belong to which groups?
- crocodilians, birds, mammals
- these structures in birds allow one-way flow of air
- parabronchi
- air exchange in avian capillary beds occurs at the
- mediodorsal bronchus
- air enters eggs through the __________ ________
- chorioallantoic membrane
- the organ that produces birdsong is called the _______ and is located at the _______ of the _________
- syrinx, bifurcation, trachea
- the opening to the trachea is called the __________, and its closing mechanism th
- glottis, epiglottis
- the digestive system (all except for its epithelium) form from this embryonic structure
- splanchnic mesoderm
- the anterior invagination of the embryo becomes the ________ while the posterior the ____________
- stomodeum, proctodeum
- the two membranes that form at the interface of digestive and integumentary systems are the
- buccopharyngeal and aboral membranes
- what is the falciform ligament of the liver?
- a remnant of embryonic ventral mesentary
- this bone stiffens the tongue of lizards and birds
- entoglossal
- in this tooth type, top and bottom are mismatched, creating a tearing surface
- carnassial
- in this tooth type, top and bottom are matched, creating a grinding surface
- grinding(?)
- this type of tooth is specialized for eating very hard substances
- durophagus
- name the general path of the digestive system
- orophyaryngeal/oral cavity-->pharynx-->esophagus-->stomach-->intestine