Bac
Terms
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- what mediates adherence to catheters? what is it made out of?
- glycocalyx, polysaccharide
- what spore made out of
- keratin-like coat, dipicolinic acid
- mediates adherence to another cell? what is it made of?
- pilus/fimbrae, glycoprotein
- where is endotoxin? what is it made of?
- outer mem of gram negative, made of lipopolysaccharide
- unique substance to gram -
- endotoxin/LPS
- unique substance to gram +
- teichoic acid
- structure of peptidoglycan
- sugar backbone with crosslinked peptide side chains
- describe the cell wall gram -
- outside capsule, outer mem with endotoxin, space called periplasm with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and then a cytoplasmic mem
- T/F Gram positive do not have peptidoglycan
- F, both + and - has peptidoglycan
- name stages of bac growth curve
- lag, log, stationary, death
- what are clinical effects of endotoxin? hormones released in response?
-
fever, shock
TNF, IL1 - which exotoxin is not heat labile
- staph enterotoxin
- describe periplasm. what's in it?
-
layer in gram - cells bw outer and inner mem.
contains hydrolytic enzymes ie beta lactamases -
what's major surface Ag for gram +? gram -?
what does ea induce in the host -
gram +=teichoic, induces TNF, IL1
gram -=endotoxin (LPS), lipid A induces TNF, IL1 - what's special about Anthrax's spore
- it has D glutamate (most capsules are made of pollysaccharide
- how do endo and exotoxin differ as far as genetic origin
- exotoxin comes from plasmid or bacteriophage, endotoxin is made from bac chromosome
-
compare toxicity endo v exotoxin
how does this apply to vaccines - exo is high! can use toxoid for vaccine. endo is low, there are not very antigenic and can't be used in vaccines
- what are the three general pathways that endotoxin induces
-
activated macro
activated complement (by alternate)
activates Hageman factor - describe endotoxin-macrophage pathway: mediators, what symptoms they cause
-
IL1-fever
TNF-fever, hemorrhagic tissue necrosis
NO-hypotension (shock) - describe endotoxin complement path: mediators? symptoms?
-
C3a=hypotension, edema
C5a=neutro chemotaxis - what does activating hageman factor do
- activated coag cascade, leads to DIC
- describe cholera toxin actions. what is most similar to this?
-
cholera + Gs, ADP ribo leads to cAMP.
bordetella pertusis is similar (opposite) it - Gi. -
describe C. Diph toxin
similar? -
ADP ribo - EF2
Pseudo exo A does exact same thing - Pseudo toxin. similar?
-
2 toxins!!
exo A ADP ribo - EF2 (just like Diph)
exoS ADP ribo - describe E Coli toxins. compare to similar toxins
-
LT= +ADP ribos to cAMP (like cholera)
ST= + ADP ribos to Gcmp leads to excrete Na, Cl (Y pestis also has this) - describe Shiga toxin. similar?
-
EF - ribosome
Y ent has Shiga EF toxin - describe Salmon toxin.
- enterotoxin + cAMP
- which are AB toxins? which aren't?
-
Lots are AB-cholera, pertussis, diph, pseudo, E Coli LT, Shiga, tetanus, botulinum, bacillus
NOT AB=E coli ST, Salmon, Perfringes, Staph and Strep - which two have toxins equiv to cholera. what is that mech
-
ADP leading to cAMP
-E Coli LT
-C Jejuni - describe C perfringens toxin
- alpha toxin= phospholipase C, lecithinase causes gas gangrene
- describe toxins of bacillus
-
PA=B
EF=an AC
LF=kill -
describe Staph toxins.
what do they induce? -
TSS (superAg binds MHCII and Tcell R inducing IL1,2 in toxic shock)
exfoliatin
entero - describe S pyo toxins
-
LOTS!
-toxins A-F
-erythro (superAg, rash scarlet F)
-hemo Strep O (ASO of rheum F) - which toxins use ADP ribos to + AC
-
-E Coli heat labile toxin
-cholera exotoxin
-pertussis exotoxin
(anthrax IS an AC) - which bugs can't gram stain. what can you use?
-
-Syph (Treponema, use dark light)
-Mycobac (acid fast)
-Intracellulars: Rickettsia, Chlamydia (Giemsa), Legionella (use Ag stain) - culture for H FLu
- choc agar + V (NAD) and X (hematin)
- culture for N gonorrhea
- Thayer-Martin (VCN)
- culture N mening
- choc agar
- culture B pertussis
- Bordet-Gengou (potato agar)
- culture C Diphtheria
- tellurite, Loefflers, blood agar
- culture TB
- Lowenstein-Jensen
- culture Legionella
- Charcoal yeast w iren and cysteine
- culture fungi
- Sabarouds
- can survive 6.5% NaCL
-
Entero, S Aureus, V parahemo
"viable even in salt" - culture Mycoplasma
- Eaton's agar
- microaerophils
-
Camp, Helio, Borrelia
"can hardly breathe" - Prussian blue stain for
- Fe
- Ziehl Nelson stain
- for AFB (incl mycobac)
- Silver stain or "methanamine Ag"
- Fungi, PCP, Legionella
- name inactivated vaccines
-
-H Flu
-V Cholera
-hep A
-rabies
-Salk polio - name activ/other vaccines
-
-adeno
-MMR
-varicella
-variola
-Sabin polio
-(Francisella, Yellow Fever) - name Lactose ferment gram -
-
Klebsiella, Ecoli, Enterobac (fast ferment)
Citobacter, Serratia (slow ferment)
=Pink on McConkey's - what are gram - rods don't ferment lactose
-
Pseudo (ox +)
Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus (all ox -) - name some gram - that are non cocci, non rod
-
-H Pylori, Borrelia (spirochetes)
-Comma shape: Vibro, Camp
-Yersinia-safety pin
-branch-Nocardia - name obligate aerobes
-
Nocardia
Pseudo
Bacillus
TB - name obligate anaerobes
-
Clost
Actino
Bacteroides - which have IgA proteases
-
S Pneu
both Neisseria
H Flu - difft Staph and Strep
- catalase+=Staph
- alpha hemo
-
S Pneu (opt sensitive)
S Viridians (opt R) - beta hemo
-
grp A=S Pyo (bac sensit)
grp B=S aglaictae (bac R) - color alpha hemo? beta? gamma?
-
alpha=green (partial)
beta=clear (complete)
gamma=no hemolysis - name qualities of S Pne
- alpha hemo, optochin sensitive
- what's grp A Strep
- S Pyo (beta hemo)
- what grp B Strep
- S Aglaictae (beta hemo)
- name qualities S Pyo
- beta hemo, grp A, bacitracin sensitive
- bacitracin difft
- grp A and B (under beta hemo)
- optochin difft
- S Pneu, Viridians (under alpha hemo)
- name gram + rods
-
Clostridium
Corynebac
Listeria
Bacillus - how difft within Staph
-
Aureus is coag +
Coag -=
S epidermis (novobiocin S)
S sapro (novobiocin R)
Remember all are catalase + - name facultative intracell
- Salmonella, Brucella, Pasteurella, Legionella, Listeria, Yersinia, Mycobac
- which can mutliple at 4 degrees
- Yersinia, Pseudo, Listeria
- which bac encapsulated
-
Strep
Neisseria
H FLu
Klebsiella - which form spores
-
Bacillus
C Perfringen
C tetani - beta hemo besides Strep
-
(Strep pyo, aglactiae)
Staph Aureus
Listeria - virulence of Staph comes from
- Protein A-which binds Fc-IgG inhibiting complement fix and phago
- transmission Francisella
-
(causes Tularemia)
tick bite; rabbits, deeer - transmission Brucella
-
(undulating fever)
dairy products
contact animals (farm?) - transmission Bartonella
- cat scratch dz--cat!
- transmission Borrelia
-
(Lyme)
Ixodes tick bite, ticks live on deer and mice - transmission Yersinia
- flea bite, rodents esp praire dogs
- transmission Pasteurella
-
(cause cellulitis)
animal bite, cats, dogs - oral/facial abscess with sulfur granules draining thru skin
- actinomyces
- tx actinomyces
-
SNAP
sulfa for Nocardia, Actinomyces use Penicillin - where find C perfringens
- in reheated meat dishes
- where find Salmonella
- poultry, meat, eggs
- O antigen? what are other of these antigens?
-
Applies to Enterobactericae family
O antigen=somatic (polysacc of endotoxin)
K antigen=virulence
H antigen=flagellar - what qualities all enterobactericae share? ie ferment lactose...
- all ferment glucose and oxidase -
- dzs for H Influ
-
HEMOP
Epiglottitis
Meningitis
Otitis Media
PNA - tx Legionella
- erythro
- tx Pseudo (per 1st Aid)
- AG + piperacillin
- tx H Flu meningitis
- Ceftriaxone, and rifampin for close contacts
- dzs of Pseudo
-
burn infxn
PNA in CF
PNA in hospital
-UTI
-external otitis
-hot tub
-sepsis (black skin lesions) - what mycobac causes LAD in kids
- M Scropulaceum causes cervical LAD
- Mycobac Kansaii causes
- pulmonary TB like symptoms
- what rxn to determine if Rickettsia? what does this involve
-
Weil Felix
checks for anti-rickettsia Ab that cross react with Proteus Ag - tx Mycoplasma Pneu
- tetracycline or Erythro
- congenital CMV
- blueberry muffin baby+ deafness + periventricular Ca
- congenital rubella
- MR, heart, blindness, encephalitis, motor problems
- congenital Syph
- can cause death or abnormal teeth, bone, CNS
- congenital Toxo
-
can be aquired on delivery (mild) or severe congenital
still birth, chorioretinitis, intracerebral Ca, hydo or microcephaly - what unusual in composition Chlamydia's wall
- the peptidoglycan contains no muramic acid
- describe Chlamydia life cycle
- Elementary body (small dense) enters cell via endocytosis, then Reticulate body replicates by fission, reorganized into EB and released
- Chla A,B,C
- ABC=Africa, blindness, chronic infxn
- Chla L1, L2, L3
- lymphogranuloma venereum (acute lymphadenitis). positive Frei test
- Chla D-K
- urethritis/PID, ectopic preg, neonatal PNA, or neonatal conjunctivitis (tx with erythro eye drops)
- Spirochetes histol
-
BLT
Borrelia big (aniline dye=Wright/Giemsa)
Leptospira
Treponema (dark field) - VDRL false positives
-
VDRL
Viruses (mono, hep)
Drugs
Rheumatic Fever and RA
Lupus and leprosy - describe VDRL test
- nonspecific Ab reacts w cardiolipin
- epidemic v endemic typhus
-
endemic (fleas)-Ricekttsia typhi
epidemic (human body louse)-R prowazekii - palm and sole rash seen...
- RMSF, syph, cox A
- how differentiate typhus and RMSF rash
- typhus spreads outward, RMSF spreads inward
- name of skin mainfest of Lyme
- erythema chronicum migrans=expanding bull's eye (w flu-like symptoms)
- tx Lyme
- tetracycline
- qualities of Plasmodium vivax/ovale, tx
-
LATENT in LIVER
oval shape host cells w Schuffer's granules, ragged cell wall, only effects RE
tx=chloroquine + primaquine - qualities of Plasmodium malarie, tx
-
bar and band forms, rosette schizonts, only affects mature RBC
tx=chloroquine - qualities P. falciarum, tx
-
mltp ring forms and crescents (gametocytes) rarely see schizonts. affects RBC of all ages. Assoc with cerebral dz
tx chloroqune resistant with quinine and doxycycline - life cycle plasmodium
-
mosquito ingests gametocytes.
inject sporozoites into humans, they infect liver
(hypnozoites=resting form of ovale and vivax use primaquine)
merozoites released infect RBC (tx chloroquine) - where asexual phase of malaria? sexual phase?
-
asexual (schizogeny) in liver and RBC
sexual (sporogony) in mosquito