Flash Cards for 2nd anatomy test
Terms
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- Process
- Projection, bump
- Foramen
- A hole through a bone
- Fossa
- A shallow depression
- Head
- The proximal end of a bone that fits into a joint
- Neck
- Part of the bone under the head
- Ramus
- An extention of a bone
- Calcitriol
- Produced in kidneys and helps produce calcium phosphate
- Growth Hormone
- Made in pituitary gland
- Thyroxine
- Bone growth; produced in thyroid gland
- Sex Hormones
- Produced in ovaries and testes
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Increases how much calcium we store; produced in the parathyroid gland
- Calcitronin
- Decreases calcium storage; produced in thyroid gland (C cell)
- Axial Skeleton
- Skull and associated bones, Thoracic area, vertibral column; based on midline long axis of the body; Made up of 80 bones
- Appendicular Skeleton
- Shoulder girdle, pelvic bones, lower extremedies; Made up of 126 bones
- Sections of Vertebral Column
- Cervical, Thorasic, and Lumbar Vertebrae; Sacral and Coccyx(fused).
- Atlas
- First cervical vertebrae; Allows us to move head yes
- Axis
- Second cervical vertebrae; allows us move head no
- True Ribs
- First seven ribs; insert into sternum
- False Ribs
- The bottom five ribs; the first three are attached to the sternum by cartilege
- Floating Ribs
- The last two of the false ribs that don't attach to any cartilege
- Articulation
- Another name for a joint
- Fibrous
- Two bones connected togeather by tough fibrous connective tissues, ex. skull
- Cartilaginous
- Bones are connected togeather by cartilege connective tissue, ex. between vertebrae
- Synovial
- Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilege, reinforcing ligaments; ex. Joints of extremedies
- Synarthrosis
- No motion
- Amphiarthrosis
- Modest degree of motion
- Diarthrosis
- Freely movable
- Tendons
- Attachment of muscle to bone
- Ligaments
- Attach bone to bone
- Bursae
- Lubricating sacts found in joints that connect to ligaments
- Hinge Joint
- Elbow, knee
- Pivot Joint
- C2 axis to C1 atlas joint
- Ball-and-socket Joint
- Shoulders, hips
- Saddle Joint
- Thumb Joint
- Gliding Joint
- Knuckle
- Elipsoidal Joint
- Wrist moving on forearm
- Luxation
- Dislocation
- Subluxation
- Partial dislocation
- Flexion
- Head down
- Extention
- Head straight forward
- Hyperextention
- Head straight up
- Abduction
- Moving away from the core of the bod
- Adduction
- Moving towards the core of the body
- Roatation
- Arm out turning it over
- Circumduction
- Moving arm full circles
- Supination
- Palms up
- Pronation
- Palms down
- Inversion
- Outside of the foot is stood on
- Eversion
- Inside of the foot is stood on
- Plantar flexion
- Point toe down
- Dorsiflexion
- Heel down toe up
- Retraction
- Pull shoulders back
- Protraction
- Push shoulder forward
- Sprain
- Tear to one of the boney ligaments, and sometimes cartilege tears
- Bursitis
- Inflammation in the bursae sac which helps support joints
- Tendonitis
- Inflammation of the tendon
- Arthritis
- Inflammation and degredation to cartilege in a joint
- Types of Arthritis
- Degenerative(Osteoarthritis), Theumatoid(autoimmune and no known cause), Septic(From blood born infection), Gouty(Innability to clear out uric acid)
- Smooth Muscle
- Respiratory, Giestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Blood vessels
- Cardiac Muscle
- Heart only. Automaticity(pacemaker). Part of Autonomic N.S. Does not have the capability to produce tetany
- Skeletal Muscle
- Excitable, Contractile, Elastic, Heal Poorly, Distensible. Produce motion, stability, heat. Maintain posture, sphincter guard entrances and exits. Enhances venous return to the heart
- Perimysium
- Envelope that wraps muscles fassicles
- Fasicles
- Smaller parts inside of muscle
- Endomysium
- Envelope the muscle fibers(cells)
- Epimysium
- Envelop the entire muscles
- Origin
- Site of attachment, proximal, site of lesser motion
- Insertion
- Normally distal, site of freater motion
- Circular
- sphincter muscles, create cicatrical movement when contracting
- Convergent
- Almost triangular fashion; ex. Pectoralis Major
- Parallel
- Fibers run parallel
- Fusiform
- Big center with tapered ends; ex. bicep
- Pennate
- Feathering effect; 3 forms uni, bi, multi
- Sarcolemma
- Wrapping around muscle
- Sarcoplasm
- liquid in the muscles
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- the factory of the muscles, produces ionic calcium
- Agonist
- Prime mover
- Anagonist
- Muscle which opposes the prime mover
- Synergist
- Muscle that helps do the work
- Fixator
- Muscle which produces immobilization
- Sarcomere
- Functional unit of a skeletal muscle
- Motor Unit
- Never and all muscle cells it controls
- 5 Statements About Muscles
-
1.All muscles cross one joint
2.Bulk of muscle lies proximal to joint
3.Have at least two attachment points(origon & insertion)
4.Can only pull
5.During contrction insertion moves towards origion - Efferent
- A sensory nerve moving away from a reference point
- Afferent
- Sensory nerve moving toward a reference point
- Somatic(Afferent)
- Sensation of feeling pain on skin and in bones
- Special(Afferent)
- Sense of smell, sight, hearing, taste, and balance
- Visceral(Afferent)
- Heart beating fast, carmps, heartburn
- Somatic(Efferent)
- Movement of muscles
- Autonomic(Efferent)
- Involuntary muscles, heartrate, sigestion
- Sympathetic(Efferent)
- Fight and Flight
- Parasympathetic(Efferent)
- Resting and digesting
- Epinerium
- Outside covering of a nerve
- Perinuerium
- Covers never fibers
- Endonerium
- Covers nerve cells
- Neuron
- Functional part of nervous system
- Oligodendrocyte
- Provides the insulation around the neurons
- Astrocytes
- largest cell, most numerous, starr shaped, responsible for being the structured frame work for CNS also provides a blood-brain barrier limit connect between blood and neurons
- Microglial
- Rarest, smallest cells, fagocytes of nervous system responsible for identifying agents
- Ependymul
- Line and cover the brain line ventricles line central canal
- Unmyelinated
- Uninsulated cells, become gray matter, cell bodies are usually unmyelinated
- Myleinated
- Insulated nerves, white matter, axons are myelinated by oligodendrocytes
- Periphreal Nervous System
- Myleinated, Cell bodies(sattelite cells), Axons(schwann cells)
- Brain
- Cerebral Cortex(two hemispheres), Diencephalan, Midbrain(Pons, medulla Oblongata), Brain Stem, Spinal Cord
- Coverings
- Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Piamater
- Ventricles
- Holes, filled with cerebral spinal fluid(cushions brain and supplies nutrients, gets rid of waste)
- Cerebral Spinal fluid amount
- 150cc's. Made in 3rd ventricle in Choroid plexus. Make 500 cc's a day
- Cerebellum
- Fine motor coordination, balance
- Central Sulcus
- Main, deeper groove in the brain
- Cerebrum
- Intellect
- Diencephalon
- thalmus, hypothalmus, pituitary, coordinating, link between nervous and dendocrine system
- Brain stem
- Midbrain, pons, medulla oblingata. Responsible for vegetative system. Autonomous nervous system.
- Frontal
- Motor act
- Parietal
- Sensory act
- Occipital
- Visual center
- Temporal
- Hearing and smell center
- Cerebral cortex
- Grey matter
- White matter
- Axons(myelinated)
- Limbic System
- motivational and emotional
- Basal Nuclei
- efferent
- Thalmus
- Relay station for the nervous motor activity
- Pons
- Respiration
- Medulla Oblongata
- BP, HR, Vomitting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing
- Periphrial Nervous System
- 13 pairs of Cranial nerves(orig. in brain) 31 pairs of spinal nerves(originate in spine)
- Cervical Plexus
- C1-C5
- Brachial Plexus
- Family of nerves responsible for sensation and motor activity in supper arm C5-T1
- Lumbar Plexus
- Ciatic nerves. Controls from posterior pelvis to feet.