Veterinary Nutrition
Terms
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- nutrients
- substances used by living cells for their vital functions.
- carbohydrates
- compounds in food that are an important and immediate source of energy.
- lipids
- fats, oils
- Protein
- the nutrient that forms a large and essential portion of the body mass.
- ingestion
- drinking and eating
- metabolism
- the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
- rumen
- largest compartment of the forestomach in rumnants.
- omasum
- smalles compartment of the forestomach in rumnants.
- dehydration
- excessive water loss
- succulent
- moist
- brackish
- unappealing to taste
- salinity
- the measurment of total dissolved solids.
- glucose
- a monosacharide or simple sugar, is the form of sugar that the body uses as energy.
- polysaccharides
- are complex sugars, cellulose, and starches and more difficult to digest than monosaccharides.
- sucrose
- table sugar
- cellulose
- crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, or cell walls, not as digestible as starch
- anaerobic fermentation
- the breakdown of carbohydrates into fatty acids without oxygen.
- Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
- a series of reactions that glucose undergoes to release its energy while converting it to carbon dioxide and water.
- calorie
- the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade.
- kilocalorie
- equal to 1000 calories
- ketosis
- occurs when carbohydrates dont break down properly causing chemicals called ketones to build up in body tissues and blood.
- glycogen
- fat stored in the body because of excess carbohydrates.
- diabetes mellitus
- lack of insulin
- insulin
- a hormone secreted by the pancreas
- amino acids
- chemical compounds that are made of nitrogen plus carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Proteins are made of amino acids and there are 23 of them.
- nonessential amino acids
- 12 of the 23 amino acids produced by the animal's body
- essential amino acids
- 11 of the 23 amino acids produced by the animal's body that it gets directly from it's diet.
- protein deficiency
- reduced protein in the body
- foodstuffs
- any material made into or used as feed or food
- choline
- a vitamin essential to liver function
- saturated fats
- dont react readily with other compounds in the body and tend to say in the body longer...animal fats, and certain plant oils such as palm and coconut oil.
- unsaturated fats
- act well with other compounds and are used readily within the body. Includes plant oils like corn, soybean, and olive oils.
- athersclerosis
- a disease of blood vessels linked to heart disease.
- necrosis
- tissue death
- edema
- swelling
- minerals
- naturally occuring compounds that arent animal or plant.
- macrominerals
- needed in high levels, sodium, chlorine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfer.
- calcification
- hardening of bones
- rickets
- a disease in which bones are soft and deformed.
- microminerals
- needed in low levels, cobalt, iodine, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and selenium.
- calcium
- needed for bone growth and formation.
- phosphorus
- also needed for bone growth and formation.
- iodine
- needed for proper thyroid function.
- iron
- neccessary for hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood. low levels result in anemia.
- fat-soluable
- vitamins that can be dissolved by fat and absorbed into the intestine. Includes A D E and K. Usually stays in body but when excreted excretes in feces.
- water-soluable
- vitamins that can be dissolved by water including B and C. Usually excreted daily in urine.
- simple deficiency
- the mineral is lacking in the diet.
- conditioned deficiency
- when some other dietary factor makes the mineral less available to the animal.
- buffers
- substances to help maintain the ph of body fluids by limiting acidity.
- Heme
- an iron compound in the blood that makes it capable of transporting oxygen in the hemoglobin.
- dietary requirement
- a need for a vitamin that the body doesnt manufacture.
- physiological requirement
- a need for a vitamin that the body does manufacture.
- synthesize
- combine elements to create
- coprophagic
- used to describe animals that ingest their own feces. Ie rabbits
- metabolic processes
- activities within the body that build, mantain, and provide energy to an organism.
- osmotic
- across membrane
- adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- energy supplying nucleotide found in all cells.
- cytochrome
- electron transport
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- a component of cells that is responsible for protein sythesis.
- tocopherol
- another name for vitamin E
- monogastric
- having only one stomach compartment
- B complex vitamins
- thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, folic acid, biotin, and choline.
- Thiamine
- helps convert carbohydrates into energy and aids energy metabolism in general.
- cocarboxylase
- coenzyme form of thiamine
- riboflavin
- component of a coenzyme which functions in electron transport.
- niacin
- one of the simplest vitamins, helps living cells generate energy from food.
- rhodopsin
- a chromoprotein that prevents night blindness
- tryptophan
- a naturally occuring amino acid.
- erythropoiesis
- the production of red blood cells
- propionic acid
- an important fatty acid synthesized by rumnant bacteria.
- myelin
- sheath that protects delicate nerve tissue
- pyridoxin
- vitamin B6
- folacin
- acid isolated from the foliage of spinach.
- acetylcholine
- compound that transmitts nerve impulses across synapses
- phospholipids
- any lipid that contains phosphorus
- ascorbic acid
- vitamin C.antioxidant
- parturient paresis
- milk fever
- tetany
- continuous muscle spasm that results in limb rigidity or flaccid paralysis. caused by milk fever.
- flaccid paralysis
- charactarized by loss of voluntary movement, decreased tone of limb muscles, absence of tendon reflexes, and muscle wasting.
- hyperirritability
- pathological responsiveness to slight stimuli
- grass tetany/wheat pasture poisoning
- physiological deficiency produced by the interplay of nitrogen and potassium, interfereing with magnesium uptake and increased magnesium excretion. Tetany and death can result.
- salt toxicity
- results when animals are deprived of salt and then have access to salty water or loose salt without access to water. produces swelling of cells including nerve cells which results in neurological signs.
- alkalosis
- a life threatening shift in the acid-base balance of the blood. caused by deficiencies in the diet that lead to depletion of chloride ions in gastric secretions.
- blood gas test
- used to measure the levels of CO2 and oxygen in the blood.
- white muscle disease
- caused by acute selenium deficiency which results in high mortality among young calves and lambs.
- mulberry heart disease
- hemorragic heart disorder that usually results in death.
- neonatal enzoonic ataxia (swayback)
- nervous disorder observed in lambs with copper deficiency.
- parakeratosis
- changes in the skin and hoofs, rough scaly skin, breaks in the skin around the hoofs, and a dull listless appearance due to zinc deficiency.
- lesion
- a loss of function of a body part resulting from tissue damage.
- beriberi
- thyamine deficiency in humans
- prothrombin
- a clotting factor
- polioencephalomalcia
- softening of the cerebrocortical grey matter
- pellagra
- niacin deficiency in humans
- blacktongue
- mouth and tounge ulcers in dogs
- stomatitis
- inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.
- scurvey
- vitamin C deficiency
- palatability
- measures how well an animal likes a food.
- acceptability
- indicates whether or not the animal will actually ingest enough food to meet its caloric requirements.
- true appetite
- is the nutritional need of the animal.
- learned appetite
- previous experience that may result in aversion to food.
- ruminate
- regurgitate food and chew their cud
- caloric density
- energy concentration
- six essential nutrients
- water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
- urea
- the cheif compound in urine
- rancid
- rotten
- GRAS
- generally recognized as safe
- Classifications of food additives
- anti caking agents, chemical preservatives, emulsifying agents, sequestrants, stabilizers, general purpose additives, spices and seasonings, flavors, color additives, therapeutic agents, hormones, growth stimulating agents.
- arsenicals
- compounds containing arsenic
- antimycotics
- destructive to fungi
- antiprotozoals
- destructive to protozoa
- anthelminthics
- destructive to worms.
- withdrawal times
- interval between the end of antibiotic therapy and the animal's use for meat or milk production.
- goitrogens
- substances that produce swelling of the thyroid gland and occur naturally is some forages.
- diethylstilbestrol
- synthetic non-steroidal estrogen better known as DES.
- blackhead
- a fatal disease of turkeys
- coccidiosis
- a serios digestive disease in chickens.
- concentrates
- generally low in fiber, high energy feeds used for monogastric species and non-ruminant herbevours.
- forages
- are high in fiber and low energy foodstuffs
- complete feed or complete rations
- feed that requires no supplementation other than drinking water.
- hay
- is grass or other plants cut and dried for fodder
- fodder
- feed for herbivores
- haylage
- hay harvested wet, allowed to wilt, then placed in a silo where it ferments...a preservation measure.
- silage
- similar to haylage, green forage stored directly in a silo where it ferments.
- direct cut or green chop
- forage cut and fed immediately to livestock.
- grinding
- grain is beaten and crushed by a hammer mill until its small enough to pass through certain sized screen
- rolling
- grain is crushed between rollers
- crimping
- grain is crushed between rollers with a corrugated surface.
- pelleting
- grain is condensed into pellets, a procedure which results in significant fiber loss, used for poultry and some livestock and dogs and cats.
- kibbles
- food baked on a sheet then broken into small peices.
- expanded foods
- cooked in an extruder and forced through a die which results in expansion.
- soft-moist foods
- produced in a similar fashion but a lower temperatures
- Ration
- contain animal tissues, soy products and cereals.
- gourmet
- contain skeletal muscle, animal byproducts and textured vegetable protein TVP in their composition.
- mangers or bunks
- feeding troughs
- Principal federal laws and agencies...
- Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Federal Trade Commission, Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, United States Department of Agriculture. USDA
- adulterated food
- food containing any poisonous or dangerous substance which may pose a health concern, food containing any filty, putrid, or decomposes substances, food prepared, held or packed under unsanitary conditions or containing any diseased animal parts, or in a containter composed of any poisonous or deleterious substances.
- Federal Trade Commison
- concerns itself with advertising
- Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
- regulates interstate commerce in food distribution
- Fair packaging and Labeling Act
- specifies the kind, location, and type size of certain information required to appear on the label.
- USDA
- specifies amounts for meat ingredients and nutriend specifications.
- guaranteed analysis
- a list of nutrient ingredients on all animal feed packages.
- supplement
- to add something to the diet to complete it, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole diet.
- basal energy requirements (BAR)
- the amount of energy an animal's diet must provide.
- joule
- measure of work done by force over distance. 1 joule is the work done by a force of 1 newton acting over a distance of one meter.
- kilojoule
- a unit of energy comprising a thousand joules.
- maintenance feeding
- good quality, complete and well balanced diet of an adult animal that is healthy no pregnant, not a working animal such as a racing dog.
- ameliorating
- making disease more tolerable
- blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- charactaristic of chronic renal failure is increase of BUN
- ascites
- collection of serous fluid withing the abdominal cavity
- ash
- the weight of a foodstuff after it has been heated in a furnace to 500c or 600c.
- roughage
- coarse bulky feeds, largely indigestible material fed to species other than ruminants and horses.
- animal byproducts
- meat, meat meal, bone meal, blood meal...used primarily to supplement carnivore and omnivore diets.
- tame hay
- hay grown specifically as feed for foraging animals.
- ergot
- a dried fungus that can kill livestock that consume it.
- goitrogenic
- tend to inhibit iodine concentration in the thyroid.
- sweet clover disease
- a blood clotting disorder triggered when bacteria in the hay create dicoumarin.
- dicoumarin
- a chemical that prevents vitamin K from functioning.
- grains
- are high in total digestible nutrients and phosphorus, fair in protein, and low in fiber and calcium.
- grass hays
- are high in fiber, fair in calcium, and low in protein, total digestible nutrients, and phosphorus.
- legume hays
- are high in protein, calcium, and fiber, and fair in phosphorus.
- psittacines
- members of the order psittaciforms which includes parrots and parakeets.
- anorexia
- diminished appetite or aversion of food
- septicemia
- the entry of bacteria and their toxins into the circulation (caused by anorexia)
- neoplasia
- uncontrolled and progressive tumor growth
- enteral feeding
- feeding by way of the intestine
- orgastric intubation
- passing a tube down the mouth and into the stomach.
- nasogastric intubation
- through the nose and into the stomach.
- pharyngastomy tube
- surgically created opening in the pharynx where tubes are placed through the skin behind the hyoid apparatus and the beginning of the esophagus.
- gastrostomy tube
- incision in the stomach where tubes pass through the body wall directly into the stomach.
- jejunostomy tube
- surgically created opening between the jejunum and the surface of the intestinal wall where a sterile feeding tube is inserted and fastened to the jejunum of the small intestine.
- hyoid apparatus
- the chain of bones that suspends the larynx and tongue from the skull.
- laparotomy
- incision through the abdominal wall
- edoscopic
- employing an endoscope, an instrument used for direct visual inspection of hollow organs or body cavities.
- lumen
- the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
- bolus
- a rounded mass
- parenteral nutrition
- intravenous feeding
- total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- provides all essential nutrients by intravenous administration.
- hyperosmolarity
- abnormally increased osmotic pressure
- hydrolysed casein
- a processed mikl protein
- glycerol
- a variety of sugar alcohol
- glucosuria
- presence of glucose in the blood
- lipemia
- excess lipids in the blood
- colitis
- inflammation of the large intestine
- low residue
- leaving little waste product behind
- gluten
- tough protein component of wheat
- medium chain triglycerides
- one of the more rapidly digestible fatty acids.
- megaesophagus
- dilation and atony or lack of muscle tone of the body of the esophagus.
- gastric dilation
- a life threatening condition in which the stomach becomes overdistended with gas and/or fluid and an obstruction prevents releif
- atopy
- allergic dermatitis
- linoleic acid
- a fatty acid essential in the diet of all animals
- anemia
- lack of circulating red blood cells or red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin
- erythropoietin
- a chemical secreted by the kidneys when they sense blood of low oxygen and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
- albumin
- protein produced in the liver that helps maintain blood volume.
- copper storage disease
- abnormal accumulation of copper from the liver
- debility
- abnormal body weakness or feebleness
- puerperal tetany/eclampsia
- occurs as convulsions and coma in the female following the birth of her young.
- hyperlipidemia
- elevated concentrations of any or all the lipids in the plasma
- hypothyroidism
- deficiency of thyroid gland activity
- lymphangiectasia
- charactarized by obstructed or dilated lymphatic vessels in the small intestine
- acute pancreatitis
- leakage of digestive enzymes due to inflammation which begin autodigestion of the pancreas and other abdominal viscera
- polyuria
- formation and excretion of a large amount of urine.
- concretion
- hard mass
- urolithiasis
- formation of a concretion in the kidney, ureter, or bladder.