AP Bio
Terms
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- chemoautotrophs
- An organism that needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances.
- plasmodal slime molds
- A type of protist that has amoeboid cells, flagellated cells, and an amoeboid plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle.
- multi
- many
- endospores
- A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
- mov; mot
- move
- stamens
- The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament.
- carpels
- The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
- photoheterotrophs
- An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
- photoautotrophs
- An organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
- anther
- The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm.
- megaspores
- A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.
- extreme halophiles
- Microorganisms that live in unusually highly saline environments such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
- metro
- uterus
- gram negative
- The group of bacteria with a structurally more complex cell wall made of less peptidoglycan.
- ovules
- A structure that develops in the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte.
- mosses
- small, soft plants that are typically 1-10 cm (0.4-4 in) tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations.
- capsule
- A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
- lith; lite
- stone; petrifying
- facultative anaerobes
- An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
- endosperm
- A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
- logy
- study
- archegonium
- In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
- embryo sac
- The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei.
- extreme thermophiles
- Microorganisms that thrive in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees C).
- conjugation
- In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
- liqu
- become fluid; liquid
- macr
- large
- med
- middle
- protozoa
- A protist that lives primarily by ingesting food, an animal-like mode of nutrition.
- horsetails
- Any of various nonflowering plants of the genus Equisetum, having a jointed hollow stem and narrow, sometimes much reduced leaves. Also called equisetum.
- pseudopodia
- A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
- transformation
- (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
- sepals
- A whorl of modified leaves in angiosperms that encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens.
- mal
- bad; evil
- micro
- small
- vessel elements
- A specialized short, wide cell in angiosperms; arranged end to end, they form continuous tubes for water transport.
- gametangia
- The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.
- chemoheterotrophs
- An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
- embryophytes
- Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.
- transduction
- A DNA-transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another.
- hornworts
- Members of the phylum Anthocerophyta, they are small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
- cross pollination
- The transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to flowers of another plant of the same species.
- lign
- wood
- lingu
- tongue
- milli
- thousandth
- endotoxins
- A component of the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria responsible for generalized symptoms of fever and ache.
- lycopods
- any erect or creeping, mosslike, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium, as the club moss or ground pine.
- morph
- shape; form
- epiphytes
- A plant that nourishes itself but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of tropical trees.
- methanogens
- Microorganisms that obtain energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product.
- antibiotics
- A chemical that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth.
- stomata
- (1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions.
- mutualism
- A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit.
- pili
- A surface appendage in certain bacteria that functions in adherence and the transfer of DNA during conjugation.
- mela; melan
- black; dark
- ferns
- Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.
- sporangium
- A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.
- ciliates
- A type of protozoan that moves by means of cilia.
- meteor
- lofty; high; in air
- phloem
- The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
- pollen grains
- The structures that contain the immature male gametophytes.
- meter; metry
- way of measuring; instrument for measuring
- antheridium
- In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.
- mis
- wrong; incorrect
- mole
- mass
- obligate aerobes
- An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it.
- angiosperms
- A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
- flower
- In an angiosperm, a short stem with four sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction.
- exotoxins
- A toxic protein secreted by a bacterial cell that produces specific symptoms even in the absence of the bacterium.
- mont
- mountain
- bryophytes
- A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
- taxis
- Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
- gram positive
- The group of bacteria with simpler cell walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan.
- meg
- great; million
- leuc
- white; bright; light
- loc
- place
- mito
- thread; filament
- style
- The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
- fruit
- A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
- mes
- middle; half, intermediate
- gram stain
- A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls.
- parasites
- An organism that absorbs nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts.
- vascular tissue
- Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.
- lysis; lyte; lyst
- dissolve; decompose
- zooflagelletes
- any flagellate protozoan that is traditionally of the protozoan class Zoomastigophorea
- Koch's postulates
- A set of four criteria for determining whether a specific pathogen is the cause of a disease.
- commensalism
- A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont benefits but the host is neither helped nor harmed.
- lip
- fat
- gymnosperms
- A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.
- peptidoglycan
- A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
- decomposers
- Any of the saprotrophic fungi and bacteria that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms.
- symbiosis
- An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact.
- mono
- one; single
- mort
- death
- cyanobacteria
- Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae).
- saprobes
- An organism that acts as a decomposer by absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter.
- tracheids
- A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.
- cuticle
- (1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. (2) The exoskeleton of an arthropod, consisting of layers of protein and chitin that are variously modified for different functions.
- filament
- The stalk of a stamen.
- sporophylls
- Lycophyte leaves specialized for reproduction.
- marg
- border; edge
- algae
- A photosynthetic, plantlike protist.
- binary fission
- The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
- microspores
- A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.
- detritus
- Dead organic matter.
- obligate anaerobes
- An organism that cannot use oxygen and is poisoned by it.
- nucleoid region
- The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA.
- charophytes
- any green algae of the class Charophyceae (or group Charophyta), comprising the stoneworts.
- ameobas
- A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia.
- mast
- breast
- malle
- hammer
- cotyledons
- The one (monocot) or two (dicot) seed leaves of an angiosperm embryo.
- lin
- line
- double fertilization
- A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
- ovary
- (1) In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. (2) In animals, the structure that produces female gametes and reproductive hormones.
- met; meta
- between; along after
- stigma
- The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains.
- nitrogen fixation
- The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants.
- mamm
- breast
- fiber
- A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.
- xylem
- The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
- petals
- A modified leaf of a flowering plant. often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.