CH 12. VOCABULARY
Terms
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- Motivation
- A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
- Instinct
- A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
- Drive-Reduction Theory
- The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
- Homeostasis
- A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry.
- Incentive
- A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
- Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow\'s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs than psychological needs become active.
- Glucose
- The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
- Set Point
- The point at which an individual\'s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
- Basal Metabolic Rate
- The body\'s resting rate of energy expenditure.
- Anorexia Nervosa
- An eating disorder in which a normal person diets and becomes siginificantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
- Bulimia Nervosa
- An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
- Sexual Response Cycle
- The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement,plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
- Refractory Period
- A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
- Sexual Disorder
- A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
- Sexual Orientation
- An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one\'s \'own sex or other sex.
- Flow
- A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time resulting from optimal engagement of one\'s skills.
- Industrial Organization Psychology
- The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
- Personnel Psychology
- A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employment recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
- Organizational Psychology
- A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.
- Task Leadership
- Goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
- Social Leadership
- Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
- Theory X
- Assumes that workers are basically lazy, error prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and thus, should be directed from above.
- Theory Y
- assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.