Chapter 11
Terms
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- Alamo
- abandoned mission
- faced severe hardships such as
- shortages of food, supplies and water
- Mountain Men adopted
- Native American customs and clothing
- Sutter sent carpenter
- James Marshall to build a sawmill besides a nearby river
- searched for gold along
- banks of streams or in shallow surface mines
- Sutter and Marshall wanted to keep gold
- a secret
- Rainy season
- journey began
- Lorenzo de Zavala
- Texan Vice President
- Buena Vista
- turning point in the Mexican-American war because Mexico lost a large portion of their army
- farming and ranching operations
- mission systems
- New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California
- Mexico's settlements besides Texas
- Most forty-niners arrived in
- San Francisco
- Santa Fe Trail
- led from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
- Followed the Platte and Sweetwater Rivers
- Oregon Trail
- manifest destiny
- obvious fate, to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy
- golden tablets
- found by Joseph Smith
- Two weeks
- Texans held out the Mexicans at the Alamo
- Henry Clay
- Whig candidate for 1844 presidential election
- Oregon Trail Location
- from Independence, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa to Oregon Country
- walked
- to save their animal's strength
- Eastcoast laws stated that the water must
- flow
- After Santa Fe Kearny went towards
- California
- Veracruz
- strongest fortress in Mexico
- During Spanish rule the ____dominated every day life
- mission system
- John Jacob Astor
- American Merchant
- Oregon Trail
- 2000 mile long trail
- Mexico City fell to the U.S. and
- Santa Anna fled
- Oregon and Texas
- land that President Polk wanted to acquire
- John Sutter, Swiss immigrant was given
- permission to start a colony in California
- Utah
- Young moved the Mormon Church there
- Texas Rangers
- guarded Texas long frontier from Mexicans and Native Americans
- missions sold goods to
- local pueblos or towns
- Stephen Kearny
- Polk sent him to New Mexico and he took Santa Fe without a fight
- 1821 Mexico
- became independent
- Robert Stockton
- claimed California for the U.S.
- canoe, flatboat, walk, horseback, wagon
- ways to get to the west
- land
- empresarios were payed with
- Donner Party
- group of western travelers who went to California but were stranded in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during the winter
- Houston
- named capital of Texas
- American settlers settled on Native American
- holy lands
- James K. Polk
- 1844 democratic President
- James Marshall finds
- gold at Sutter's Mill
- southwest law permitted one to build
- dams and canals to re-route the water
- Nueces River
- Mexico's considered border
- women in mining camps
- operated boarding houses
- settlers and natives celebrated both
- American and Mexican holidays
- Californios
- earliest settlers in California
- Goliad
- Mexicans executed 350 people who had surredered
- New Mexico
- Mexico's oldest settlement
- Oregon Country
- Pacific Northwest area where the beaver were
- cattle
- brought with the settlers
- $600
- cost of the journey for a family of 4
- Rio Grande River
- American's considered border
- To increase population Texas
- offered land grants
- America
- had better weapons and equipment during the start of the Mexican-American War
- Mexican Cession totalled
- 500,000 square miles
- 1830 Texas
- wanted to revolt against Mexico
- Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans
- natives to the southwest
- stories of the finding of gold
- spread throughout the country and many rushed to California
- Empresarios
- agents that brought settlers to Texas
- anti-Mormon mob
- murdered Joseph Smith
- Southern branch of the Oregon Trail
- California Trail
- 1824 Mexico
- formed a constitution
- Fur traders and trappers
- first non-native Americans who traveled to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest
- Oregon would be a good port to trade with
- China
- Book of Mormon
- religious teachings
- Columbia River
- location of Astoria
- Proving ownership of the land caused natives to go
- bankrupt
- Mexico
- had more men and was better prepared during the start of the Mexican-American War
- Native Americans
- helped the pioneers acting as their guides or messenger
- Levi Strauss
- a German immigrant who earned a fortune by making tough denim pants for miners
- Mountain Men names
- Jedediah Smith, Manuel Lisa, Jim Bridger, and Jim Beckwourth
- Stephen F. Austin
- empresario that started a Texas colony on the lower Colorado River
- most miners were
- young unmarried men in search of adventure
- California faced the obstacle of growth because
- it was isolated from the rest of the country
- Father Miguel Hidalgo Costilla
- Mexican priest who revolted against Spain
- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
- ruler of Mexico
- 1844 Texas and Mexico
- signed a peace treaty
- Joseph Smith
- founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
- American settlers forced natives to prove
- they owned the land
- Mountain men
- fur traders and trappers
- General Taylor
- Polk sent to secure the Rio Grande
- Kearny took the towns of
- San Diego, San Francisco, and Los Angeles
- Mariano G. Vallejo
- wealthy californio who gets captured during the Bear Flag Revolt
- Mexican Army Horses
- Anglos took these which upset the Mexican Army
- Mexico got rid of the ___ in California
- mission system
- Colonel Jim Travis
- took the small town of San Antonio
- challenged of the Santa Fe Trail
- blazing deserts and rough mountains
- Brigham Young
- head of Mormon Church after Joseph Smith's murder
- Santa Fe Trail followed
- ancient trading route used by the Native Americans
- David Burnet
- Texan President
- stake a claim
- first to arrive at a site
- many Chinese
- immigrated to California in search of gold
- John C. Fremont
- created a map in the west when he heard about fight in California
- Sutter's fort was located near
- Sacramento River
- After learning about the gold, Sutter's workers
- quit to search for gold
- Thrown from power after losing Texas
- Santa Anna
- Gonzales
- the start of the Texas war for independence
- journey to California
- was dangerous and long
- Rendezvous
- yearly meeting where fur traders and trappers meet with fur agents
- Old Three Hundred
- Austin's successful colony
- Bear Flag Revolt
- the Americans declared California to be an independent nation
- Astoria
- John Jacob Astor's trading post
- polygamy
- practice of having more than one wife
- 54 40' or fight
- border U.S. wanted with British Canada
- 15million
- U.S. paid Mexico at the end of the war
- vaqueros
- cowboys who managed herds of sheep or cattle
- protection
- U.S. promised Mexican in the Mexican Cession protection
- Mexican Cession
- California, Nevada, and Utah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and part of Colorado and Wyoming
- Gadsden Purchase
- U.S. paid Mexico 10million in exchange for the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico
- signs in the southwest were written in both
- English and Spanish
- Northern branch of the Oregon Trail
- Willamette Valley
- wagon trains
- groups of settlers traveling together
- prospect
- search for gold
- Mexico City
- the final goal of the U.S.
- forty-niners
- gold-seeking migrants
- Bear
- drawn on the flag which looked like a pig according to the Californios
- 1840's high hat
- started to go out of fashion
- placer miners
- used pans or other devices to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel
- California became the meeting ground for
- traders from Mexico and the United States
- mining camps
- sprang up where people stopped to search for gold
- Sam Houston
- head of the Texan army
- Britain and U.S. shared
- Oregon Country
- San Jacinto
- Texans capture Santa Anna and force him to sign a treaty
- Texas constitution allowed
- slavery
- Frontiersmen Davy Crockett and Colonel Jim Bowie
- joined the Alamo's defenses
- Winfield Scott
- replaced General Taylor and is nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers"
- laborers on the missions
- Native Americans
- Congress
- declares war on Mexico after U.S. soldiers die
- American Fur Company
- Astor's fur company, one of the biggest fur businesses
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- officially ended the war and forced Mexico to turn over much of its northern territory to the U.S.
- Mormons
- religious group who traveled west for religious freedom
- abandoned their wagons
- rough weather and geographic barriers forced settlers to
- Oregon became a U.S. territory in
- 1848
- dawn to dusk
- time they traveled
- Beaver fur was used for the
- high hat
- even though many traveled along the California Trail very few
- actually settled in California
- anglos
- white American settlers in California
- 1830 Mexico
- banned American settlers since they broke the laws
- Jackson did not want to annex Texas because he
- did not want a war with Mexico or upset the balance of slave and free states
- competition often led to
- conflict
- oxen, mules, or horses
- pulled the wagons
- Chinese immigrants were not
- welcomed by American settlers
- Brigham Young set the standard for water rights in the southwest by stating the welfare of the
- community is more important than the individual