History Midterm Ch. 4
Chapter 4 Vocabulary-History
Terms
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- 1st Continental Congress
- quickly taken action by committees of correspondance
- Molly Pitcher
- Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly-carried pitchers of water to the soldiers and took the place of husband at cannon after he died
- 2nd Continental Congress
- the loyalties that divided colonists, sparked endless debates
- "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne
- British general-pursued a complex scheme with allowance from the London high command-lead the army down a route of lakes from Canada to Albany, where he would meet Howe's troops as they arrived in NYC
- "these are the times that try men's souls"
- brothers against brothers in American Revolution
- Thomas Paine
- colonist who wrote "Common Sense" which attacked King George
- Patrick Henry
- VA's lower house adopted several resolutions of his ("Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!")
- General Nathanial Greene
- ordered by Washington to attack Cornwallis
- quartering of troops
- authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes and other buildings
- minutemen
- civilian soldiers
- Green Mountain Boys
- soldiers from Vermont organized by Ethan Allen
- "shot heard 'round the world"
- Lexington and Concord, started war
- Benedict Arnold
- popular Patriot soldier and leader-traitor
- Patriots
- supporters of Independence
- Battle of Princeton
- rallied Americans by this astonishing victory
- Battle of Yorktown
- 17,000 American and French troops surrounded British-Cornwallis finally surrendered
- Boston Tea Party
- Colonists threw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest high taxes
- Stamp Act
- required colonists to but special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, "special duties, and almanacs
- Declaration of Independence
- Jefferson drew on concepts of English philosopher John Locke-signed July 4th, 1776
- General Thomas Gage
- British-put army on strict rations to Concord
- Common Sense
- anonymous 50 page pamphlet attacking King George III
- Bunker/Breed's Hill
- battle-450 colonists/1,000 British ("Don't fire 'till you see the whites of their eyes")
- Boston Massacre
- British attack on defenseless citizens
- Sam Adams
- powerful and influential political activist
- profiteering
- selling scarce goods for a profit
- martial law
- rule imposed by military forces
- Committees of Correspondence
- assemblies of MA and VA set these up to communicate with other colonies about threats to American liberties
- Marquis de Lafayette
- young, brave, French leader-assisted Washington
- Valley Forge, PA
- harsh winter-2,000 died
- Margaret Corbit
- replaced a gunner who was shot and then was shot herself, 1783-West Pt
- Battle of Trenton
- Christmas night, George Washington, Trenton, NJ-surprised British with ambush
- Townshed Acts
- Charles Townshed's proposed revenue laws, Parliament passed, taxed colonies extremeley
- unalienable rights
- only be inherited according to fixed rule
- Declaratory Acts
- act that said we can make laws
- egalitarianism
- a belief in the equality of all people
- General Horatio Gates
- commanded Northern part of Continental army
- Crispus Attucks
- !st to die in American Revolution, Boston Massacre
- Thomas Jefferson
- known for broad knowledge and skillful crafted prose, wrote Declaration of Independence in 2 weeks
- John Locke
- maintained that people enjoy "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property
- social contract theory
- based arounf European philosophers who reasoned most effective way to create best gov't was to understand human nature in a state prior to gov't
- Intolerable Acts (1774)
- series of measures in response to Boston Tea Party-Parliament
- Loyalists
- those who opposed independence and remained loyal to the crown
- Tea Act (1773)
- British put tax on tea, angered colonists
- spinning bees
- wealthy women who spun cloth instead of purchasing British goods
- "Not worth a Continental"
- continental-term for paper money not worth anything
- Ethan Allen
- leader of the Green Mountain Boys
- Fredrick Von Steuben
- Persian captain and talented drill master, volunteered his services to General Washington and went to work "to make regular soldiers out of country bumpkins."
- Hessians
- German soldiers who fought solely for $
- Sons of Liberty
- secret resistance group, harassing customs workers, stamp agents, and sometimes royal governors
- Battle of Saratoge
- Burgoyne surrendered battered army to Gates-turning point of war
- Treaty of Paris
- ended the Revolutionary War and confirmed U.S. independence and set boundaries of the new nation
- General Charles Cornwallis
- replaced Howe-greatest victory
- Olive Branch Petition
- sent to King George urging a return of "the farmer harmony" between Britain and the colonies-King George refused
- Novus Ordo Seclorum
- a "New order if the ages"-1782-Charles Thomson (on seal of U.S. and $1 bill)