US History- Mid Term Review
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- Articles of Confederation
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* Written 1776-1777, ratified 1781
*Under them the U.S. was a loose collection of independent states - Constitution:Members of Congress
- Two Senators per state, number of Representatives dependent upon population
- Shays' Rebellion
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*1,100 Farmers angered by the high taxes in Mass. were led by Daniel Shays in an attempt to seize weapons from a state armory-1787
*As a result harsh debt laws were eased and business activity increased. - Land Ordinance of 1785
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*Nothwest territory marked off into townships
*For each township 1 square mile would be set aside to support a public school - Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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*Set up a plan of government for the NW Territory
*Congress would choose a governor and judges- as soon as 5000 free adult males lived there they could elect their own legislature
*Eventually could be carved into 3 to 5 separate states
*No slavery - "Demigods"
- Energetic delegates of the Constituntional Convention- Jefferson nicknamed
- Great Compromise
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*Under it congress would have two houses
*Preserved the idea of making the national government supreme - Large-State Plan
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(The Virginia Plan)
*Under it national government would have 3 branches
*Gave more power to Congress
*Called for a Congress in which voting power was dependent upon population - New Jersey Plan
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*Preserved the Principle that all states should have an equal voice (Equal Representation)
*Only one house for Congress - The Federalist Papers
- A series of 77 essays in support of the constitution
- Lousiana Purchase
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*Nearly doubled size of U.S.
*Cost 15 million dollars
*leads to land democratization-giving more people the right to vote such as the middle class - Peaceful Coercion
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*Jefferson put embargo on U.S. ships- stopped all trade because he didn't trust Americans
*New England was greatly effected - Nonintercourse Act
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*Forbade trade with Great Britain or France, but opened trade with other countries
*Led to smuggling of goods - Macon's Bill #2
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*Opened trade with Great Britian and France
*Whoever stopped impressing U.S. sailors fist, U.S. would put embargo on the other country
*French acted more quickly - Thomas Jefferson
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*Balanced Budget- cut funding from military
*Expanded power of the president
*Retooling of Military-"Jeffs" boats - Judiciary Act of 1801
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*Creates several Judge positions in Federal Government
*president appointed justices so it could be filled by their guys before president leaves - Samuel Chase
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*Federal Judge who critisied people
*Was impeached but not removed
*Results in Judges being more unbiased - John Jay Treaty
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*With Britain
*Laid down rules for increased trade
*Set deadline for British withdrawl from forts in the U.S.
*U.S. threatened to go to war with them if impressment of soldiers didn't stop
*Made U.S. more friendly with Great Britain
*So bad Spain thought U.S. had a secret alliance with G.B. - Pickney Treaty
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*1795
*Spain gave u.S. part of Florida due to their paranoia from John Jay Treaty
*Also stopped encouraging Native American raids - Election of 1796
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*Adams President, Jefferson Vice
*President faces problems with France
*France threatened by Adams coming to power- don't like federalists - XYZ Affair (Quasi War)
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*1797
*U.S. had to pay to see foreign powers in France
*Letters were published which started an Undeclared (Quasi) War
*All treaties were repealed from France and a navy department was created
*Lasted for 2 years though never declared a war - Alien Act
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*New imigrants tended to be democratic-republicans so federalists in power increase the years to become a citizen to 14 years.
*Deported anyone who was not a citizen - Sedition Act
- *Goal was to stop people from criticising political party in power
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Virginia & Kentucky Resolution
("VA-KY") -
*1798
*Response to Alien and Sedition Acts
*Claimed states had a right to nullify unconstitutional federal actions - Election ("Revolution") of 1800
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*First democratic-republican in Power
*Jefferson President, Burr Vice - Slave Trade Compromise
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*after 20 years no more importing of slaves from other countries
*Legally stopped in 1808
*Important because slaves born in u.S. would grow up with the same culture which was less hard to ignore - "Mad" Anthony Wayne
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*Punished Indian tribes- crushed and demoralized them
*Indians were using British guns - French Revolution
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*1789
*French at war with Britain
*Genet-French Representative - American Alliance with France
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*1778
*U.S. would help French out and French would help U.S. out
*Permanent - Neutrality Proclamation
- *President could suggest course of action when it came to neutrality, but Congress had the power to declare war
- Minister Genet Precedents
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1)U.S. would recognize appointed representatve of any foreign government
2)Exective branch had the power to establish relationship with foreign government - Hartford Convention
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*New England states sent Representatives
*They were all federalists
*Proposed several amendments including a single term limit fot the president
*End to the federalist party - Tariff of 1816
- A protective Tariff, which was to protect infant U.S. industries that had sprung up during the War of 1812
- Panic of 1819
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*caused by the Bank of the United States
*Affected Farmers mostly
*As as some moved west and started farming others followed and there was a surplus of cotton
*As a result proces dropped - Adams-Onis Treaty
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*1819
*Spain cedes Florida to U.S. and sets a U.S. southern border - Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833
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*after Congress passed a high tariff SC came up with the Ordinance of Nullification-said that any use of federal force against SC would cause them to secede
*Jackson responded by sending troops
Clay proposed a compromise tariff
*the Force bill was also passed which enabled the President to use troops to enforce the tariff laws. - Manifest destiny
- "God-given" right to take over new territories (1840s)
- sectionalism/nationalism
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*Result of the War of 1812
*Sectionalism- loyalty to a region of a country - Wilmot Proviso
- *David Wilmot proposed an amendment that said slavery could not be allowed in any territory acquired with the money.(Mexican land)
- Texas
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*Annexed in 1845
*led to War with Mexico,since Mexico saw the land as theirs, but would not sell it
*War lasted two years (1846-1848)
*both signed a peace treaty, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February of 1848. - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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*U.S. got posession of Califonia and land stretching westward from Texas to California
*U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and its debts owed to U.S. citizens
*Gadsden Purchase(1853)- U.S. bought land from Mexico that today makes up the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico. - Jacksonian Democracy
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*set up the spoils system-elected gov. officials handed out public jobs to members of their political party
*Rotation in office-any intelligent man could work in a post office or collect tariffs, so jobs like that should be passed around. - Era of Good Feelings
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*1815-1820s
*not much political fighting
*Monroe reelected
*Only Republican Party left - Tariff of Abominations
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*1828
*clled for extremely high tariffs
*passed by President Adams
*south hated it - American System
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*Proposed by Henry Clay in 1824
*called for high tariffs to provide money for internal improvements
*high tariffs would also protect industries, thus increasing employment and income - Missouri Compromise
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*1820
*Missouri would come in as a slave state, while Maine would come in as a free state
*this was to keep balance in the senate
*prohibits slavery in all parts of the Louisiana Purchase that lay north of Missouri's southern border - Monroe Doctrine
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*1823
*declares most of western hemisphere of limits to foreign intervention - Treaty of 1846
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*compromise with Britain
*split the Oregon Country, placing the boundary between British and U.S. lands at the 49th parallel. - Election of 1824
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*clay dropped out and gave his support to Adams
*Adams won and made Clay Secretary of State
*Jackson was mad because he had the most popular votes, but not the majority of electoral votes so the decision went to the House of Representatives. - Industrial Revolution
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*1789
*Cotton Gin invented
*interchangeable parts
*factory system
*labor unions
*growing immigration - Corporation
- a business that can sell stock, or shares of ownership, to raise money
- collective bargaining
- labor unions would negotiate with employers on behalf of an entire group of workers for a contract that might provide higher wages or better working conditions.
- Indian Removal Act
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*1830
*Jackson
*Congress declared that Native Americans would have to move west of the Mississippi - Independent Treasury
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*van Buren got Congress to set it up
*had subtreasuries in major cities
*federal government became its own banker - Anti-Masonic party
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*first important third party
*formed in 1828 - turnpikes
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*toll roads, built usually by private businesspeople but sometimes by a government
*first turnpike was between Philadelphia and Lancaster, PA. (1791) - National Road
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*1811
*westward from Cumberland, MD, through southern PA. - Erie Canal
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*1825
*40ft wide, 350 miles long
*cheaper and easier transportation
*businesses boomed along the canal and in NY. - Women's Rights Convention
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*Seneca Falls
*called for woman's suffrage - Oneida Community
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*NY
*called themselves perfectionists -
Compromise of 1850
"CANMUT" -
1)Califonia enter as a free sate
2)New Mexico and Utah-popular sovereignty
3)Texas gets $10 million to give up part of NM east of the Rio Grande
4)slave trade illegal in District of Columbia
5)Fugitive Slave Act-make it easier for slave-holders to reclaim escaped slaves - Kansas-Nebraska Act
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*1854
*Douglas proposed popular sovereignty in the two territories
*called for a repeal of the Missouri Compromise - Bleeding Kansas
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*1856- a proslavery mob attacked and burned the town of lawrence, Kansas.
*Anti-slavery settlers led by John Brown murdered 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. - Dred Scott Decision
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*1857
*voids Missouri Compromise
*Supreme Court rules Scott was not a citizen and therfore not free
*Congress could not bar slavery from a territory - Freeport Doctrine
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*a territory's legislature could eliminate slavery just by failing to pass laws to support it.
*hurt Douglas's chances of becoming the Democratic nominee for president in 1860 - Harpers Ferry
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*1859
*abolitionist John Brown stages a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA in hopes of starting a slave revolt.
*it fails
*Brown hung - Fort Sumter
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*Lincoln sends a suply ship into SC waters to bring food to Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.
*Caolinians attack
*War started - theaters of war
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*East Theater-between Washington and Richmond
*West Theater- between Appalachain Mts. and Mississippi River - Copperheads
- northern democrats who wanted Lincoln to let the South secede
- First Battle of Bull Run
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*1861
*people watched the battle while they picniced
*shows the war is very real and blody
*south wins under Jackson
*868 soldiers killed - Battle of Antietam
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*1862
*Lee's messangers dropped confederate battle plans and it was found by union
*McClellan attacked the divided troops, but the battle ended in a draw
*Leads Lincoln to announce Emancipation Proclamation - Confiscation Act
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*1861
*allowed the seizure of all "property" used for insurrection purposes, including slaves - Battle of Shiloh
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*1862
*North won
*bloodiest battle so far- Union lost 13,000 and Confederates lost 11,000
*soon after Union gained control the Mississippi River from the Gulf to Baton Rouge - Emancipation Proclamation
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*issued 1862
*if rebellion had not ended by January 1, 1863 it would go into effect
*set free all slaves in the South under confederate control - 13th Amendment
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*1865
*banned slavery everywhere in the U.S. - Battle of Chancellorsville
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*1863
*Jackson died
Confederacy won over larger Union army - battle of Gettysburg
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*1863
*turning point in the war
*went on for 3 days- biggest battle
*Lee order Pickett's Charge- frontal assault across 400 yards of open ground-thousands of confederates were killed
*Union won - Gettysburg Address
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*1863- 4 months later
*dedicated a national cemetery for those who died there
*spoke for 3 minutes - Battle of Vicksburg
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*1863
*Union gained complete control of the Mississippi River - Sherman's March to the Sea
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*Captured Atlanta Sept.2, 1864
*Sherman led troops from Atlanta southest toward the coast
*followed Scorched Earth Policy- burned crops and property leaving nothing in its wake
*Sherman gave the city of Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present - Surrender at Appomattox
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*April 9,1865
*Lee surrenders to Grant at the Appomattox Courthouse - War Toll
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*more than 1/3 of all who fought in the war were injured or killed
*110,000 Union died
*94,000 Confederate died - "Soft Reconstruction"
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*Lincoln wanted north to welcome south with open arms
*pardoned all former rebels and a quick return of south delegates to congress - Radical Republicans
- strongly opposed Lincoln's plan
- Wade- Davis Bill
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*1864
*before a seceded state could resume self-government, 50% of its voters would have to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union - Freedmen's Bureau
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*1865
* provide the former slaves and Southern refugees of any race with food, clothing, and medical care - Civil Rights Act of 1866
- *declared that all people born in the U.S. were citizens
- Freedmen's Bureau Bill
- empowered the Freedmen's Bureau to hold military trials of anyone accused of violating a freed person's rights
- Reconstruction Acts
- required the Southern states to abandon their existing governments and create new ones
- 14th Amendment
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*1868
*all people born in the U.S. are U.S. citizens - 15th Amendment
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*1869
*voting rights for blacks - Populist Party
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*1892
*opposed high tariffs and favored reform - Homestead Act
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*1862
*family could stake a claim to 160 acres of federal land
*the family had 5 years to build a home, then the land was theirs - Dawes Act
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*1887
*encouraged Native Americans to give up their traditions and adopt new ways - Newlands Reclamtion Act
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*1902
*the government began to build dams to hold water for irrigation - National Grange
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*1867
*worked together on ways to solve their problems
*set up cooperatives - Granger Laws
- regulated the rates charged by railroads and grain companies
- consolidation
- buying out competitors and merging them into larger companies
- Interstate Commerce Act
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*1887
*created an Interstate Commerce Commission that could sue railroads that refused to obey its regulations - trust
- a single board of directors or trustees run several corporations
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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*1890
*to outlaw trusts
*little immediate effect - National Labor Union
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*1866
*in 1868 it made Congress set an 8 hour work day for federal employees - Upheaval of 1877
- railroads laid off many workers due to the depression as a result workers went on strike. In some areas trains no longer ran
- Knights of Labor
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*1878
*goal was to bring skilled and unskilled workers into one big union - Socialism
- a way of organizing society so that the public owns the major industries and makes the key decisions about how wealth is distributed
- Haymarket Riots
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*1886
*Knight of Labor organized a strike in support of the 8 hour workday
*anarchists rallied top protest police action
*bomb was set off by anarchists - American Federation of Labor
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*1886
*organization for skilled workers only
*wanted higher wages, shorter workdays, and better working conditions - 17th Amendment
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*1913
*direct election of senators - protectorate
- an arrangement in which a weak nation comes under the protection of a more powerful nation or nations