This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

World History Semester II Final Study Guide

lovbug9141
beachbabe838

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
French Indian War
In North America: French owned Canada and Louisiana as trading area; Britain owned 13 colonies on east coast of U.S; fought over Gulf of St. Lawrence (protected by French) and Ohio River Valley; French moved down from Canada and up from Louisiana to establish forts in Ohio River Valley, which cut off British settlers from expanding into vast area; Indians supported French because they were traders, not settlers; in 1759 British defeat French; Treaty of Paris in 1763 transferred Canada and lands east of Mississippi to England; their ally Spain gave Britain Florida, and French gave Louisiana to Spanish
Robespierre
1758-1794, French revolutionary leader; member of the National Convention, preached democracy and advocated suffrage (the right to vote) for all adult males; known as "The Incorruptible", believed in Rousseau's social contract idea, thought that anyone opposed to being governed by general will should be executed; had an eagerness and passion in pursuing the Reign of Terror; became powerful and obsessed with ridding France of all its corrupt elements, only then could the Republic of Virtue, as he called it, follow; deputies in the National Convention feared him and he was arrested and guillotined in 1794
Voltaire
Francois-Marie Arouet; Parisian; wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories; criticized Christianity, and had a strong belief in religious toleration; wrote "Treatise on Toleration" 1763; believed all man are brothers under God; practiced deism--18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law; he built on the idea of the Newtonian world-machine, believed God created the universe
Kaiser William I
William I proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second german Empire (1st was the Medieval holy Roman Empire) in 1871
Social Contract
written in 1762; an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will; individuals wishing to follow their own self-interests are forced to abide by the general will; liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what's best for "general will" because it represents what's best for the entire community; proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Lord Nelson--Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon hoped to invade Britain and even collected ships for the invasion, but the british navy admiral Lord Nelson defeated a French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805; Napoleon turned to his Continental System to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there, but this failed because allied states resented not trading with Britain
Catherine the Great
Catherine II, ruled Russia from 1762-1796; favored enlightened reforms; invited Denis Diderot to Russia to speak, outlining a program of political and financial reform; she thought his theories impractical though; favoring landed nobility led to worse conditions for Russian peasants and rebellion; Catherine halted all rural reform and sefdom was expanded; defeated the Turks and 50% of Poland
Congress of Vienna
after the defeat of Napoleon, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia met here in Septmber 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement; the leader was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich
Crimean War
war between Russia and Ottoman Empire; in 1853 Russians invaded Turkish Balkan provinces; turks, Great Britain, and France declared war on Russia; Treaty of Paris March 1856
Bastille
after the Tennis Court Oath, Louis XVI prepared to use force against the 3rd Estate, but the common people saved them: on July 14, 1789, a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille (an armory and prison in Paris) and dismantled it; Paris was abandoned to the rebels; Louis XVI couldn't trust royal troops because their authority had collapsed; the fall of the Bastille saved the National Assembly
Otto von Bismarck
King William I of Prussia appointed this new prime minister; practicioner of realpolitik--the "politics of reality", or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory of ethics; collected taxes, strengthened army, governed Prussia without approval of parliament; defeated Denmarl in 1864; war against Austria in 1866; made France declare war on Prussia in 1870, called Franco-Prussian War; constitution of new imperial Germany in 1871, lower house of German parliament called Reichstag
Realism
a movement in the literary and visual arts as well as in politics; rejected romanticism; wrote about ordinary characters from actual life, avoided emotional language, preferred novels to poems;
Classical Music
Haydn--musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes, soon wrote for public concerts rather than princely patrons; Mozart--child prodigy; wrote operas "The Marriage of Figaro", "The Magic Flute", and "Don Giovanni"
Revolutions of 1848
In France under Louis-Philippe because of economic problems, monarchy overthrown, Constituent assembly set up, and Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president; In Germany--parliament called the Frankfurt Assembly held to make a constitution; In Europe--revolutionaries tried to take the capital ofaustria and make constitution but failed; In Italy--revolt against Austrians who had part of their land in Lombardy and Venetia but failed
Committee of Public Safety
in 1793; the execution of the king outraged royalty of Europe and a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic was poised for invasion of France; the National Convention gave powers to a committee of 12; 1st dominated by Georges Danton, then by Maxilmilien Robespierre; 1793-1794 the Committee of Public Safety took control, acting to defend France from foreign and domestc threats; set in motion the Reign of Terror;
Charles Darwin
created a picture of humans as material beings that were simply part of the natural world; 1859 wrote "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"; basic idea was that each kind of plant and animal had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life, called organic evolution; some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others , called natural selection; wrote "The Descent of Man" 1871
Alliances
Triple Alliance 1882, Triple Entente 1907
Declarations of the Rights of Man and Citizen
inspired by the Am Dec of Ind and the Eng Bill of Rights; charter of basic liberties; rights of man are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression; proclaimed freedom and equal rights for all men, access to public office based on talent, and an end to exemptions from taxation; all citizens were to have the right to take part in making laws; freedom of speech and press were affirmed; all for men but not women
Romanticism
end of the 18th century, new intellectual movement; a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing; wrote of misunderstood and rejected figures; individualism, the belief in the uniquness of each person; men with long hair, outrageous clothes
Bourgeoisie
middle class, part of the 3rd Estate; 8% of the population, owned 20-25% of the land; included merchants, bankers, industrialists, lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors, and writers; unhappy wih privileges held by nobles, could enter nobility by obtaining public offices, drawn to the political ideas of the Enlightenment
Directory
with the Terror over, the National conventio reduced the power of the commmittee of Public Safety; churches reopened for public worship, and the Constitution of 1795, to keep one group from taking control, establiched a national legislative assembly with two chambers: Council of 500 which initiated legislation, and the Council of Elders which accepted or rejected proposed laws; from a list presented by the Council of 500, the Council of Elders elected 5 directors to act as the executive committee, or Directory; the Directory ruled with the legislature; from 1795-1799 an era of corruption, people reacted against the sufferings and sacrifices demanded in the Reign of Terror; royalists who desired the restoration of the monarchy, and radicals unhappy with moderation, plotted against the gov't; the directory was unable to find a solution to the economic problems; relied on the military to maintain its power; in 1799 a coup d'etat (sudden overthrow of the gov't) was led by Napoleon Banoparte, who seized power
The Great Fear
a vast panic that spread quickly through France in 1789; peasant rebellions bacame part of the Great Fear; citizens, fearing invasion by foreign troops that would support the French monarchy, formed militias
Baroque
replaced mannerism in Italyin 1575/1600; adopted by Catholic reform movement; brought classical ideas of Renaissance and spiritual feelings of 16th century religious revival; dramatic effects to arouse emotions; magnificent and richly detailed; stressed grandeur and power; Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Miguel de Cervantes
during golden age of Spanish literature, novel "Don Quixote"; thoguht that both visionary dreams and the hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition
Black Hand
a Serbian terrorist organization that wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom, threw a bomb at the Archduke Francis Ferdinand in 1914
Liberalism
a political philosoophy based largely on Enlightenment principles, held that people should be as free as possible from government restraint
Triple Alliance
in 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
René Descartes
17th century French philosopher; thought and wrote about doubt and uncertainty; wrote "Discourse on Method" in 1637; cared about the importance of his own mind, and accepted only what his reason said was true; 1st priciple: "I think, therefore I am"; 2nd: "The mind can't be doubted, but the body and material world can, so the two must be radically different"; separation of mind and matter, and mind and body; father of rationalism
Frederick the Great
Frederick II, one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century; well versed in Enlightenment ideas; dedicated ruler, enlarged the Prussian army, kept a strict watch over the bureaucracy; abolished the use of torture except in treason and murder cases; granted limited freedom of speech and press, greater religious toleration; kept Prussia's sefdom and rigid social structure
natural rights
rights with which humans were born, including life, liberty, and property; difficult to protect so people established a govermnment to ensure protection; people acted reasonably to the government and if the government broke contract, people formed a new government
Wellington--Battle of Waterloo
the new king Louis XVIII had little support and Napoleon slipped back into Paris in 1815; Napoleon raised another army and a Brittish and Prussian army (under the Duke of Wellington) at Waterloo in Belgium in 1815, and was defeated; Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena
National Convention
the Paris commune took King Louis XVI captive and forced Legislative Assembly to suspend the monarchy and call for a National Convention to decide on a future form of gov't in 1792; called to draft a new constitution but in fact ruled France; dominated by lawyers, professionals, and property owners; distrusted the king; abolished the monarchy and established the French Republic; soon split into factions (dissenting groups) over the fate of the king, two most important were Girondins and the Mountain, both members of the Jacobin (large network of political groups throughout France); the Girondins represented the provinces outside of the cities and feared radical mobs in Paris so they wanted to keep the king alive; the Mountain represented the radicals in Paris and convinced the National Convention to behed Louis XVI (on the guillotine) in 1793; the execution of the king outraged royalty of Europe and a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Dutch Republic was poised for invasion of France; the National Convention gave powers to a committee of 12 (Committee of Public Safety)
Arts and Crafts--William Morris
English artist, writer, and socialist, started this movement determined to bring design reforms to America that were begun in Britain by him
Johannes Kepler
German mathematician; used detailed astronomical data to make laws of planetary motion; believed sun at the center of the universe; said the orbits of planets around the sun are not circular like Copernicus, but elliptical (egg-shaped)--called Kepler's 1st Law
Thomas Hobbes
wrote "Leviathan" on political thought to deal with disorder in 1651; Before society was organizedm humans weren't guided by reason and moral ideas, but by self-preservation; people in the state made a social contract to be governed by an absolute ruler, without rebellion; needed to preserve society's order
Nicholas Copernicus
native of Poland; book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"; mathematician; felt geocentric system was too complicated, proposed heliocentric system
Sans-culottes
power passed from the Assembly to the Paris Commune, whose many members called themselves the sans-cullotes "without breeches" (ordinary patriots without fine clothes); made up of working people, poor, small traders, and artisans; led by minister of justice Georges Danton; sought revenge o those who aided the king and resisted the popular will; 1000s of people were arrested and massacred; another leader was Jean-Paul Marat, who often worked in a bathtub, wrote journal "Friend of the People", called for mob violence and the right of the poor to take by force from the rich, made Jacobins more radical by condemning the Girondins
Mary Wollstonecraft
1759-1797. English writer with a strong statement for the rights of women; her "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" noted that the power of men over women was wrong; argued that the Enlightenment was based on the idea of reason in all humans; because women have reason they should have equal rights as men in education, and economic and political life; married the philosopher William Godwin in 1797, died after birth of their daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley
Napoleon's Russian Campaign
Russians had refused to remain in the Continental System, so Napoleon invaded in 1812; but the Russian retreated for 100s of miles and refused to fight, burning their own cities on the way so Napoleon's army wouldn't find food; finally, at Borodino, Napoleon's army won but in Moscow they needed food and supplies, so began the "Great Retreat" back across Russia to Poland in 1813; European states attacked the crippled french army and Paris was captured in 1814; Napoleon was sent into exile in Elba and the monarchy was restored with Louis XVIII (brother of Lois XVI)
Rationalism
based on the belief that reason is the cheif source of knowledge
Sir Walter Scott
1st half of the 19th century, novel "Ivanhoe", tried to evoke clashes between knights in medieval England
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
on june 28, 1914 this heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophia visited the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, the black and threw a bomb at his car but missed; Gavrilo Princip shot both of them later that day
Puddling
Britain's natural resources included large supplies of iron ore; in 1780s it became possible to produce a better quality of iron; Henry Cort developed this process, in which coke, derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in crude iron, called pig iron and produce an iron of high quality; the high-quality iron was used to build new machines, especially new means of transportation
Cottage Industry
18th century, Great Britain produced inexpensive cotton goods; to manufacture cotton cloth, spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton, and weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms; these tasks were soon done by individuals in their rural homes in a production method known as cottage industry
Estates General
France's population divided into 3 orders,or states: 1st Estate clergy, exempt from taille (tax), owned 10% of the land; 2nd Estate nobility, owned 25-30% of the land, held positions in government, military, law courts, and higher church offices, exempt from tax, resisted monarchy, drawn to political ideas of the Enlightenment; 3rd Estate commoners made up of peasants (75-80% of total population), craftspeople, shopkeepers, and bourgeoisie; food shortages, rising prices, unemployment, and overspending made Louis XVI call meeting of the Estates General (French parliament) in 1789 at Versailles; composed of representatives: 300 delegates each for 1st and 2nd Estates, 600 for 3rd Estate (mostly lawyers); 3rd Estate wanted to set up a constitutional government to abolish tax exemptions for clergy and nobility; each estate had one vote, 3rd Estate demanded each deputy have one vote, King Louis XVI said no; 3rd estate called itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution
Isaac Newton
attended Cambridge University, professor of math; wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" or "Principid"; defined 3 laws of motionthat govern planetary bodies and objects on earth; universe seen a 1 regulated machine that worked according to natural laws
Ptolemaic system--Geocentric astronomy
philosophers of the Middle ages used Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Christianity to construct this model of the universe; this system was geocentric because earth was at the center; the universe was a series of sheres inside one another, with earth at the center, then moon, mercury, venus, sun, and so on, with heaven beyond the tenth sphere; heavenly bodies pure orbs of light
Imperialism
19th century form of political control of power nations over less power ones; forceful extension of a nation's authority by territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination over other nations
Tennis Court Oath
each estate had one vote, 3rd Estate demanded each deputy have one vote, King Louis XVI said no; 3rd estate called itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution; when they arrived at their meeting place the doors were locked, so they moved to an indoor tennis court and swore to meet until they produced a French contitution; the oath they swore is known as the Tennis Court Oath
St. Petersburg
on marchland on the Baltic in 1703, Peter the Great began the construction of this new city as a port with ready access to Europe; it remained the Russian capital until 1918
Adam Smith
scottish philosopher; founder of economics; wrote "The Wealth of Nations"; said the state shouldn't interfere in economic matters; the government had 3 basic roles: army (protecting from invasion), police (defending citizens), and public works (roads, canals); laizze-faire economics
Seven Year's War
1756-1763; Maria Theresa wanted Silesia back, so built an army to separarte Prussia and France; Britain and Prussia vs. Austria, Russia, and France; fought in Europe: Frederick the great of Prussia faced all three, then faced disaster until Peter III, a new Russian czar admired him and withdrew troops; this created a stalemate and European part of war ended in 1763; all territories returned to owners while Austria recognized Prussia's control of Silesia; In India: Britain vs. France; Treaty of Paris in 1763, French withdrew and Britain kept India; In North America: French owned Canada and Louisiana; Britain owned 13 colonies on east coast of U.S; fought over Gulf of St. Lawrence (protected by French) and Ohio River Valley
Giuseppe Garibaldi
leader of Italian unification after Emmanuel II, dedicated Italian patriot, raised an army of 1000s of volunteers called Red Shirts
Railroad
18th century this more efficient mean of moving resources and goods developed; in 1804 the 1st steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain; one called the Rocket was used on the first public railway line; by 1850 more than 6,000 miles of railroad track crisscrossed much of the country and locomotives were able to reach 50 mph; building railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants; less expensive transportaion led to lower-priced goods,creating larger markets; more sales meant more factories and machinery; business owners could reinvest their profits in new equipment, adding the the growth of the economy
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
late 1760s philosopher in France, Italy and Paris; didn't like city life, so withdrew into periods of solitude; wrote "Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind"; believed people adopted laws and government to preserve their private property; novel "Emile" siad education should foster, not restrict, children's natural instincts; thought emotions and reason were important to human development; he sought a balance between haert and mind, emotions and reason; felt women should be educated for the roles as wives and mothers
Conservatism
believed by Metternich; based on tradition and social stability; favored obedience to political authority and believed that organized religion was crucial to order in society; this belief hated revolution, individual rights, and representative government
King Victor Emmanuel II
ruler of the Kingdom of Piedmont (Piedmont, Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy) in 1849;
Reign of Terror
revolutionary courts were set up to prosecute internal enemies of the revolutionary republic; 40,000 people were killed, 16,000 of those by guillotine; revolutionary armies were set up to bring rebellious cities back nder control of the National Convention; in Lyon when guillotining proved too slow, grapeshot (cluster of small iron balls) was used to shoot the condemned into open graves; in Nantes victims were sunk in barges in the Loire River; clergy and nobles made up 15% of the victims, while the rest were from the bourgeoisie and peasant classes;after the death of Robespierre in 1794, Jacobins lost power, and moderate middle-class leaders took control; the Reign of Terror came to a halt
Laizze-Faire Economics
doctrine, french meaning "to let people do what they want"; the state shouldn't interupt the frre-play of economic forces by imposing govermnment regulations on economy; the state should leave economy alone; proposed by Adam Smith
John Locke
17th century Englishman; wrote political work "Two Treatises of Government" in 1690; "Essay Concerning Understanding" argued against absolute rule; before society was organized humans were equal and free, not in war; every person was born with a tabula rasa, or blank mind, people were molded by the experiences through their senses from the surrounding world; believed people could discover the natural laws that all institutuions should follow in order to produce the ideal society; people to him were landholding aristocracy, not landless masses; did not advocate democracy, put his ideas in the American Declaration of Independence and US Constitution
Scientific Method
a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence; crucial to the evolution of sciencein the modern world; process of systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses (theories) that would lead to correct general principles; developed by Francis Bacon
Triple Entente
1907, France, Great Britain, Russia
Socialism
in the early 19th century, the pitiful conditions of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to this movement; a system in which socity, usually the government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities; largely the idea of intellectuals who believed in the equality of all people and who wanted to replace competition with cooperation; later socialists (especially Marxists) labeled them utopian socialists, one of which was Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer; he believed humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
British North American Act
head of upper Canada's conservative party John MacDonald voice for self-government; in 1867 British parliament passed this act, which established a Canadian nation (the Dominion of Canada) wih its own constitution
Austrian War of Succession
1740-1748, Charles VI died, succeeded by daughter Maria Theresa; Frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia and France entered war against Austria; so Maria Theresa made an alliance with Great Britain; fought in Europe, India and North America: Prussia took silesia, France took Austrian Netherlands, and Madras in India, British captured French Louisbourg; Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 returned territories to owners except Prussia refused to return Silesia
Industrialization
In Europe, the 1st industrialized states were Belgium, France, and Germany; governments were very active in encouraging industrialization; they provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads; In North America between 1800 and 1860, the population of the U.S grew fom 5 million to 30 million; before 85% of american workers were farmers, now only 50% were; Robert Fulton built the 1st paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807; By 1600, there were 1000 steamboats; in 1830 there was 100 miles of track and by 1860 there was 30, 000 miles; labor for the factories came from the farm population; many were women and girls, the majority of workers in the textile (cotton and wool) factories; population doubles from 1750-1850 in Europe, due to a decline in death rates, wars, and diseases and food increase; 1840s Irish Potato Famine, many emigrated to America; peopel moved from the country to the city to find work; over 50% of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1850; urban populations also grew but less dramatically; the rapid growth of cities in the early 19th century led to pitiful living conditions which urban reformers called on local gov'ts to clean up; with Industrial Revolution came industrial capitalism--an economic system based on industrial production; it produced a new middle-class group, the industrial middle-class, made up of people who built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were; the Industrial Revolution also created an industrial working class, who faced wretched working conditions and no security of employment or minimum wage; the worst conditions were in the cotton mills and coal mines
Neo-Gothic- Pugin
romantics revived medieval architecture and built castled, cathedrals, city halls, parlimantary buildings, and railway stations in this style; reflected an interest in the past; reflected 19th century fascination with nationalism
Universal law of gravity
explains why planetary bodies do't go in straight lines but continue in elliptical orbits around the sun; states in mathematical terms that every object is attracted to every other object by gravity
mannerism
Artistic movement in Italy in 1520s and 30s; broke down High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation; Elongated figures, suffering, heightened emotions, religious ecstacy; El Greco
Plan XVII
France's plan in 1913 against Germany
Serbia
1914, supported by Russia, determined to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Italian architect and sculptor who comleted St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; Action, exuberance, and dramatic effects; his "Throne of St. Peter" highly decorated cover for pope's throne
Francis Bacon
developed the scientific method, not a scientist but an English philosopher; instead of relying on ideas of ancient authorities, scientists should use inductive reasoning to learnabout nature, from particular to general; the goal of sciences is that human life be given new power and discovery; concerned with practical mattrs, not pure science
Denis Diderot
went to the University of Paris to be a lawyer or pursue a church career, but became a freelance writer; wrote "Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades" or "Encyclopedia" between 1751-72; attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration
Heliocentric astronomy
sun-centered system of the universe; offered a more accurate explanation than Ptolemaic system; planets revolved around the sun, the moon around the earth
Montesquieu
Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu, from French nobility; wrote "The Spirit of the Laws" in 1748; used the scientific method to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of humans; he identified 3 basic types of government: 1. republic (for small states); 2. despotism (for large states); 3. monarchies (for moderate-size states); England's government had 3 branches: executive (monarch), legislative (parliament), and judicial (courts of law); the government had separation of powers, where the 3 branches limit and control each other with checks and balances
Galileo Galilei
European noted for mathematics; made regular observations of heavens using telescope; said heavenly bodies were material substance, like earth; wrote his discoveries in "The Starry Messenger" 1610; the church ordered him to abandon the Copernican idea which threatened the conception of the universe and contradicted the Bible; said heavens not spiritual world, but world of matter; humans were not at the center and God was not in a specific place
William Shakespeare
late 16th, early 17th century; Elizabethan era; dramatist; came to London in 1592; playwright, actor, shareholder in theatre company; master of the English language and human psychology; wrote tragedis, comedies
Rococo
1730s, a new artistic style, emphasized grace, charm, lightness, and gentle action; made use of delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves; highly secular (worldly, material); spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness and love; sense of enchantment and enthusiasm
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany declared war on Russia in 1914, the Germans had this military plan drawn up under General Alfred vonSchlieffen; it called for a two front war with France and Russia; issued Belgium demanding of German troops the right to pass through Belgium, but they were a neutral nation
German Unification
after the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly germans looked to Prussia for leadership, under King William I, who were known for their militarism
Enlightened Absolutism
late 18th century, new type of monarchy; rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers
National Assembly
the 3rd Estate called itself the National Assembly; destroyed the relics of feudalism, or aristocratic privileges; in 1789 voted to abolish the rights of landlords and the financial privileges of nobles and clergy; adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen; seized and sold the lands of the Church for money; secularized the Church, a Civil Constitution of the Clergy was put into effect; bishops and priests were elected by the people and paid by the state; the French gov't controlled the Church; completed the Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy, still a king but a Legislative Assembly would make the laws; only men over 25 who paid a specified amount of taxes could vote
Paris Commune
the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792 and were defeated; this and economic shortages led to political demonstrations against Louis XVI, radical political groups in Paris declared themselves a commune and organized a mob attack on the royal palace and Legislative Assembly; the Paris commune took the king captive and forced Legislative Assembly to suspend the monarchy and call for a National Convention to decide on a future form of gov't
Second Empire
1852, Louis Napoleon assumed title Napoleon III, Emperor of France; authoritarian government; the Legislative Corps; completely controlled govermnet and limited civil liberties; rapid construction of railroads, harbors, roads, canals, and iron production; rebuilt Paris to serve military purpose; Empire fell in Franco-russion War in 1870
Republic of Virtue
the Committee of Public Safety said that once the war and domestic crisis were over, the true "Republic of Virtue" would follow, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen would be fully realized; along with the Terror, the Committee of Public Safety created a new order called by Robespierre the Republic of Virtue--a democratic republic composed of good citizens; "citizen" and "citizeness" replaced "mister" and "madame", women wore clothing inspired by the grat republic of ancient Rome; by 1793 the Committee was sending agents to all parts of France to implement laws; slavery was abolished in France's colonies; established price limits on necessity goods but failed since the gov't lacked the machinery to enforce them; women remained actively involved in the revolution; in 1793 two women founded the Society for Revolutionary Republican Women--a Parisian group composed of working class women that stood ready to defend the French Republic; to reflect its belief in reason the National Convention pursued dechristianization--"saint" was removed from street names, churches were pillaged and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encouraged to marry; in Paris the Cathedral of Notre Dame was designated a "temple of reason" in 1793 with a public ceremony; adoption of a new calendar, years not numbered from the birth of Christ but from 1792 (1st day of French Republic), eliminated Sundays and church holidays; but dechristianization failed to work because France was overwhelmingly Catholic
Maria Theresa
Austrian empress in 1740, worked to centralize the Austrian Empire and strengthen the power of the state; not open to philosophers' calls for reform but worked to alleviate the condition of the serfs; her son Joseph II
Queen Victoria
reigned Britain from 1837-1901; her age known as the Victorian Age, duty and moral respect
Napoleon Bonaparte
dominated French and European history from 2799-1815; brought the French revolution to an end in 1799; born into nobility, commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785; rose quickly through the ranks of the French army, won the confidence of his men with energy, charm, and ability to make quick decisions; these and his intelligence, ease with words, and confidence won people's support; 1797 a conquering hero in France, but 1799 abandoned his army against British; took part in the coup d'etat in Paris that overthrew the Directory; a new government called the consulate was proclaimed--first consul, controlled entire government, appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs, and influenced the legislature; In 1802, consul for life, in 1804 crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I; ideal of republican liberty had been destroyed by Napoleon's takeover of power; most French were Catholic so to restore stability to France, in 1801 agreed with the pope to recognize Catholicism as religion of the majority of French people, and pope wouldn't ask for the return of church lands from the revolution; Catholic church no longer enemy of French gov't, and those owning church lands were avid supporters of his regime; completed 7 law codes, most important Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code, which recognized the equality of all citizens, the right to choose a profession, religious toleration, and the abolition of sefdom and feudalism; property rights carefully protected, outlawed trade unions and strikes; woman were less equal than men; promotion was based on ability only; created a new aristocracy based on merit in the state service; insisted that all writing be inspected by the gov't; defeated Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Sweden; sought to spread equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom; nobility and clergy lost their special privileges
Salon
the elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class's great urban houses; invited guests gethered in them and conversed on new ideas of the philosophers; brought writers and artists together with aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people; the women who hosted them could say political opinion and influence literary and artistic taste
Entrepreneurs
wealthy British people, interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
James Watt
the cotton industry became even more productive when the steam engine was improved in the 1760s by this Scottish engineer; In 1782 he made shanges that enabled the engine to drive machinery; steam power could be used to spin and weave cotton; because steam engines were fired by coal, they did not need to be located near rivers like before (water-powered loom)
El Greco
"The Greek"; from the island of Crete; he painted elongated and contorted figures in green and yellow against stormy greys; his depicted mood reflected tensions between religions and Reformation
Metternich
leader of the Congress of Vienna in 1814; claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy, meaning lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to their positions of power in order to keep peace and stability in Europe
Italian Unification
in 1850 austria dominated Italian Peninsula; people looked to the state of Piedmont for leaderhip in unifying Italy
Guillotine
revolutionaries had adopted this machine because it killed quickly and, they believed, humanely; during Reign of Terror, 16,000 people were killed by the guillotine including Marie Antoinette, Olympe de Gouges, peasants, and persons who opposed the sans-cullotes; most executions were held in places that had openly rebelled against the authority of the National Convention
Constitution
liberals favored government ruled by this, such as a constitutional monarchy where a king is regulated by a constitution; this would guarantee the rights liberals sought to preserve

Deck Info

97

permalink